Table 16.4a. Relative standard errors (%) of total tree volume by species group, age class and managed forest region in Canada.
Managed forests Species group Age (years) Total
1-20 21-40 41-60 61-80 81-100 101-120 121-140 141-160 161-180 181-200 201+ Other1
0 Larch - 73.33 54.20 74.60 102.37 - - - - - - - 38.28
Unspecified hardwoods 69.47 101.44 85.90 67.47 99.65 106.57 - - - - - - 42.00
Unclassified - 102.84 79.93 65.23 80.94 72.55 102.84 98.98 98.98 - - 0.00 41.78
Unspecified conifers 64.58 42.19 62.39 72.50 91.24 - - - - - - - 37.86
Other hardwoods 62.17 65.65 34.40 64.84 69.14 72.94 99.24 74.84 - - 96.86 - 33.62
Douglas-fir - 86.59 - 71.05 53.72 47.12 50.09 70.36 69.87 - 68.55 - 25.40
Birch 72.75 51.62 41.56 68.85 69.07 102.59 102.59 - - - - - 35.24
Fir 66.02 44.43 50.91 91.68 58.82 - 63.48 - - - 100.10 - 48.66
Hemlock - 66.89 63.37 50.17 64.56 57.77 60.29 99.26 56.55 74.04 22.51 - 16.53
Pine 103.40 61.42 52.21 61.47 59.57 79.63 97.13 - 96.40 100.81 82.21 - 38.96
Cedar & other conifers 100.10 72.37 59.69 64.61 84.04 59.37 85.90 71.21 78.12 41.75 14.40 - 16.82
Spruce 92.86 31.39 26.07 22.94 46.73 42.43 35.17 57.12 79.40 - 43.79 - 15.22
Poplar 74.82 61.35 39.53 56.13 96.00 95.61 - - - - - - 62.30
Maple 90.44 91.09 36.24 58.95 77.46 97.36 - - - - - 0.00 74.65
Subtotal 33.98 34.62 15.02 24.58 58.39 70.71 27.56 42.14 51.00 36.35 11.61 0.00 23.40
11 Unclassified 64.09 36.17 84.83 86.65 73.70 103.75 100.03 - - - - 0.00 40.05
Unspecified hardwoods 10.13 16.10 44.13 76.59 49.05 100.01 99.58 - - - - - 8.42
Other hardwoods 30.53 17.45 22.28 22.51 23.29 28.48 70.98 52.99 99.96 100.02 57.50 0.00 10.66
Unspecified conifers 8.12 10.11 26.31 55.76 59.26 - - - - - - - 6.31
Larch 18.83 10.82 9.68 8.29 9.85 11.20 12.91 24.27 30.38 50.05 33.78 0.00 4.44
Maple 27.53 15.27 11.43 12.66 10.10 21.49 44.58 53.14 97.99 - 93.54 - 6.00
Cedar & other conifers 30.14 26.92 29.10 26.57 13.46 15.63 17.83 20.94 26.04 26.04 10.65 - 8.59
Douglas-fir 31.27 23.26 21.07 32.00 15.92 14.33 13.78 15.97 15.71 20.92 13.58 - 5.92
Birch 9.46 6.78 6.59 6.12 6.27 13.39 17.08 33.02 41.58 94.06 63.13 0.00 3.11
Hemlock 24.03 21.86 18.79 27.02 20.26 19.80 18.80 20.26 18.57 29.86 8.41 - 6.52
Fir 12.33 6.36 6.31 7.89 5.91 11.20 10.03 10.67 11.91 13.02 7.98 0.00 3.42
Pine 8.33 5.63 7.11 6.74 6.00 6.94 7.21 9.42 12.87 20.29 16.50 0.00 2.56
Poplar 8.36 5.57 6.42 5.09 5.29 7.64 10.52 16.96 34.55 48.68 45.05 0.00 2.62
Spruce 10.48 4.69 4.41 2.99 3.06 3.89 3.59 5.94 7.85 11.05 7.73 0.00 1.46
Subtotal 3.62 2.40 2.53 2.36 2.11 2.90 2.92 4.18 5.16 6.82 4.21 0.00 1.09
12 Unclassified - 68.59 - - - - - - - - - 0.00 68.59
Unspecified hardwoods 39.21 47.05 54.46 98.71 - - - - - - - - 26.60
Other hardwoods - 62.41 63.62 34.09 64.99 90.07 80.26 100.19 - - - - 28.02
Unspecified conifers 38.72 42.18 42.03 96.08 95.43 - - - - - - 0.00 29.87
Cedar & other conifers 84.92 67.97 60.20 45.72 64.70 70.89 59.27 100.09 101.01 92.24 43.17 - 29.21
Birch 40.24 25.91 26.26 22.54 22.20 44.36 53.49 95.32 - - 100.49 - 13.05
Maple 63.57 32.55 35.96 16.76 25.88 76.41 72.91 98.93 98.93 - 100.49 - 13.47
Larch 66.05 22.85 18.74 16.09 23.09 26.90 33.50 40.78 53.56 68.13 90.51 - 9.32
Hemlock 99.37 70.44 68.81 43.26 75.05 77.89 47.21 88.36 54.41 100.92 44.34 - 25.38
Fir 69.73 30.52 21.37 29.63 30.92 55.15 42.41 49.25 38.17 54.47 41.22 - 18.09
Douglas-fir 53.42 60.43 51.45 43.93 29.80 27.62 24.99 27.76 45.82 44.54 28.85 - 11.14
Pine 20.40 14.57 15.12 12.18 13.42 19.46 24.68 43.45 43.78 56.55 55.42 0.00 5.89
Poplar 17.28 17.28 15.42 12.34 13.14 28.97 35.23 60.73 82.60 99.43 100.20 0.00 6.71
Spruce 22.65 10.92 9.80 9.25 8.08 13.01 14.77 21.63 32.77 35.78 31.33 - 4.14
Subtotal 10.89 7.45 6.84 5.72 5.89 9.00 9.89 14.33 17.98 25.88 18.57 0.00 2.82
13 Hemlock - - - - 103.62 103.62 - - - - - - 73.87
Unclassified 82.41 - - - - - 100.02 - - - - 0.00 82.02
Cedar & other conifers - - 72.88 71.08 66.89 75.75 94.12 100.00 - - - - 52.20
Unspecified hardwoods 48.92 67.43 52.21 77.14 - - - - - - - - 40.39
Other hardwoods 71.13 73.08 43.29 64.34 28.66 26.24 69.14 99.98 - - - - 19.13
Maple 61.81 65.84 28.10 27.58 71.16 85.98 - - - - - - 21.73
Unspecified conifers 34.73 26.40 35.77 59.54 - - - - - - - - 18.68
Birch 14.21 14.38 18.63 15.95 14.29 42.38 48.70 100.01 - 68.05 - - 7.31
Larch 21.20 11.10 8.01 10.07 14.56 15.04 15.83 25.07 45.52 63.10 60.04 - 4.98
Fir 38.53 25.66 20.34 18.70 12.30 17.84 17.86 27.70 50.35 88.31 99.98 - 7.15
Pine 10.25 6.83 8.33 8.94 11.36 15.77 29.93 87.94 71.23 - - - 4.30
Poplar 16.36 15.32 13.87 11.79 7.19 9.96 43.55 64.23 - 70.93 100.03 - 4.95
Spruce 15.51 5.81 4.53 4.69 3.96 2.80 3.09 4.46 21.37 35.04 20.01 0.00 1.60
Subtotal 6.42 4.03 3.53 3.66 3.16 2.69 3.02 4.34 19.45 27.47 19.37 0.00 1.40
20 Unclassified 76.38 99.91 - - 100.72 - - - - - - 0.00 74.88
Unspecified hardwoods 25.63 31.79 67.66 66.91 56.49 100.22 - - - - - - 31.79
Unspecified conifers 30.42 29.15 51.65 64.93 54.66 - - - - - - - 22.13
Other hardwoods 53.53 28.75 31.36 48.71 34.98 42.22 81.55 72.64 72.07 99.95 100.01 - 18.09
Larch 39.06 18.94 15.18 17.92 27.85 31.35 40.01 39.24 70.63 99.96 89.94 0.00 11.15
Maple 42.56 28.64 18.59 16.96 20.75 41.71 90.87 85.86 - - - - 10.28
Birch 29.28 16.96 15.85 14.43 13.82 31.04 62.48 48.86 99.94 - - - 7.21
Douglas-fir - 100.12 53.51 64.20 44.25 37.10 36.20 31.55 58.59 76.07 58.23 - 21.15
Cedar & other conifers 73.35 48.12 47.59 49.63 36.80 31.78 46.85 81.75 55.85 42.76 18.27 - 15.62
Hemlock - 62.05 47.41 52.93 28.41 44.42 31.38 59.48 43.45 52.41 15.75 - 13.51
Fir 49.61 13.95 13.88 13.38 12.08 20.54 17.01 25.03 23.57 27.75 16.36 - 7.61
Poplar 17.52 14.95 11.86 10.36 11.28 19.49 27.80 32.38 62.47 86.00 62.40 - 5.52
Pine 21.34 13.30 11.45 11.62 14.87 17.56 18.70 23.31 39.99 47.43 25.86 - 6.21
Spruce 23.93 11.52 8.55 6.85 5.93 6.66 6.88 12.92 20.52 22.83 13.54 0.00 3.03
Subtotal 10.60 6.01 4.98 4.47 4.66 5.51 6.01 10.23 14.32 14.46 7.91 0.00 2.38
31 Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 0.00 0.00
Hemlock - - - - - - - - 114.37 - 114.37 - 102.97
Unspecified hardwoods - - 18.81 - - - - - - - - - 18.81
Cedar & other conifers - - - - - - - - - 114.37 114.37 - 104.56
Other hardwoods - 40.63 36.22 89.93 92.50 48.02 - - - - - - 44.10
Fir - 81.38 94.90 106.92 - - 54.25 - - - - - 77.83
Birch 18.92 60.68 79.53 82.59 114.39 - - - - - - - 52.33
Douglas-fir - 69.44 69.44 54.29 84.49 94.10 62.23 52.35 82.25 69.44 39.51 - 22.62
Larch 77.46 59.00 37.26 42.96 40.44 33.03 40.24 50.54 99.74 - 99.74 - 17.81
Maple 18.01 21.01 17.14 42.71 73.44 120.66 - - - - - - 31.83
Pine 70.55 27.67 36.55 28.22 33.32 44.16 70.18 99.74 - - 115.32 - 15.63
Poplar 62.83 29.02 37.57 49.64 44.35 42.07 84.56 - - - - - 25.28
Spruce 58.58 24.08 35.65 23.50 24.18 27.27 38.95 32.89 72.62 99.74 103.28 - 12.70
Subtotal 22.63 15.61 17.26 21.15 21.55 20.43 27.34 30.70 64.00 78.15 33.88 0.00 8.54
32 Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 0.00 0.00
Unspecified conifers 107.35 71.07 - - - - - - - - - - 85.83
Unspecified hardwoods 29.51 42.42 81.87 81.87 82.30 - - - - - - - 51.15
Larch 97.26 45.92 54.12 72.57 53.44 82.85 76.48 - - 99.11 - - 33.90
Fir 94.43 46.75 58.83 63.51 54.26 99.10 99.10 - - - 99.10 - 34.44
Hemlock - 99.54 80.00 101.28 89.15 77.12 99.84 - 94.62 - 83.18 - 45.45
Other hardwoods - 71.67 59.19 53.69 74.60 93.86 101.10 - - - - - 56.41
Cedar & other conifers 97.37 54.89 57.56 63.45 94.38 88.69 - - - 102.38 67.78 - 30.63
Birch 41.46 52.50 35.56 40.96 52.77 70.23 98.31 - - - - - 22.74
Maple 77.30 82.28 33.82 46.64 61.31 97.62 97.75 - - - - - 27.13
Douglas-fir 100.83 100.77 82.87 54.73 43.43 53.33 51.62 40.95 71.46 57.52 40.44 - 20.25
Pine 47.21 37.98 38.83 34.48 14.33 35.59 67.15 51.36 71.15 - 98.92 - 11.26
Spruce 79.16 43.29 27.27 31.55 31.10 30.58 37.32 97.79 99.54 92.19 63.48 - 19.71
Poplar 34.56 17.29 21.39 30.56 33.13 39.60 52.63 98.79 - 99.54 - - 11.21
Subtotal 28.29 17.03 13.24 16.28 13.42 19.90 23.40 55.08 50.51 45.10 31.65 0.00 7.10
33 Unclassified 101.24 77.36 - - - - - - - - - 0.00 66.95
Unspecified hardwoods 62.17 59.16 75.12 - 101.19 88.37 - - - - - - 41.43
Unspecified conifers 44.93 35.97 79.82 85.07 88.37 - - - - - - - 29.18
Other hardwoods 100.05 49.37 56.25 60.78 95.06 59.92 97.62 - 99.90 - 100.36 - 36.11
Birch 40.92 31.28 40.61 38.94 55.93 42.11 53.03 74.02 99.94 - - - 19.45
Maple 51.82 54.09 31.62 38.11 42.61 44.36 104.72 75.86 - - 100.35 - 19.24
Larch 44.67 32.39 21.25 27.17 34.91 30.91 47.26 49.94 96.06 71.82 38.42 - 14.43
Cedar & other conifers 44.09 45.77 49.83 73.73 72.57 79.07 62.79 59.14 69.95 71.60 24.68 - 19.93
Douglas-fir 44.92 58.46 45.24 40.02 24.37 35.19 25.07 32.62 50.14 48.74 40.78 - 12.94
Poplar 21.82 19.89 25.18 18.01 21.63 31.70 36.01 58.14 71.56 76.48 72.90 - 9.60
Pine 26.94 21.66 21.47 19.24 22.82 23.18 26.10 35.25 33.39 50.09 35.48 - 8.36
Hemlock 71.14 50.24 58.66 75.78 48.02 63.82 41.60 48.61 39.97 51.20 24.40 - 19.24
Fir 59.61 29.63 28.75 40.39 22.16 22.75 25.40 33.08 29.06 23.25 16.40 - 9.30
Spruce 35.88 19.12 15.21 15.42 13.82 16.54 12.53 21.06 30.96 30.47 19.11 0.00 6.14
Subtotal 15.06 10.41 11.01 8.72 8.92 11.11 9.09 13.34 17.26 16.09 11.53 0.00 4.09
40 Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 0.00 0.00
Unspecified hardwoods 101.44 - 99.00 - - - - - - - - - 75.33
Other hardwoods - - - 66.88 - 64.22 - - - - - - 47.69
Douglas-fir 114.35 - - - 113.81 113.81 - - - - - - 89.48
Unspecified conifers 99.44 98.87 99.00 - - - - - - - - - 77.67
Cedar & other conifers - 96.31 - - 111.34 111.34 - 111.34 - 111.34 88.80 - 71.85
Birch 42.82 39.40 45.67 41.34 55.00 - 101.44 96.31 - - - - 24.07
Fir 100.87 57.65 59.58 62.23 65.49 100.36 83.27 96.16 - - 67.66 - 37.13
Larch 52.09 43.37 52.14 43.79 57.08 51.79 61.03 92.65 - - 99.94 - 22.66
Pine 54.28 42.44 32.94 59.32 40.56 78.73 54.96 99.58 - - 96.31 - 24.91
Hemlock 77.01 96.31 90.48 - 90.82 - 68.53 84.39 96.31 96.31 38.82 - 36.38
Poplar 37.00 46.23 34.91 46.38 23.96 18.62 76.68 72.55 96.31 - - - 15.26
Spruce 36.42 22.68 20.20 19.44 19.60 8.45 13.07 24.04 68.57 73.07 53.55 - 6.07
Subtotal 21.51 21.96 14.31 17.05 14.31 8.13 12.56 20.87 59.94 65.22 31.48 0.00 5.66
50 Unclassified 32.04 28.51 100.09 76.99 - - - - - - - 0.00 21.21
Larch 33.32 18.42 18.60 16.10 19.90 34.82 55.79 57.90 64.49 - 80.33 - 9.76
Unspecified hardwoods 11.58 17.38 19.39 54.35 29.10 100.01 - - - - - 0.00 9.20
Unspecified conifers 11.54 11.34 21.18 44.71 39.43 - - - - - - 0.00 7.79
Other hardwoods 25.51 23.99 12.96 13.06 15.80 41.68 52.40 100.19 - 100.45 83.71 - 7.41
Cedar & other conifers 46.75 21.04 13.69 11.64 13.02 20.83 28.21 42.84 72.02 72.69 44.62 - 10.40
Hemlock 71.81 40.90 25.07 35.60 41.93 41.18 42.88 86.43 46.09 71.00 33.62 - 15.98
Pine 36.37 14.45 12.17 15.66 13.71 20.03 22.47 34.78 73.69 76.71 52.84 0.00 6.37
Birch 15.92 10.01 8.95 13.20 14.21 21.55 46.25 98.55 - - - - 5.72
Douglas-fir 44.42 53.54 42.84 28.94 26.41 19.86 37.35 26.45 43.66 45.75 39.42 - 12.59
Fir 15.04 8.96 6.04 9.01 13.71 24.52 47.01 60.37 - 94.12 73.20 - 4.15
Spruce 15.19 9.71 6.15 5.20 8.38 14.77 15.53 28.85 37.42 52.26 55.30 0.00 3.22
Maple 14.07 9.28 6.42 6.53 7.25 13.56 36.91 41.72 71.78 - - 0.00 3.53
Poplar 7.93 6.36 5.97 6.48 10.80 19.44 25.63 34.50 78.55 77.40 91.40 0.00 3.58
Subtotal 4.54 3.62 3.36 3.32 4.42 7.07 17.13 13.84 23.77 33.64 20.66 0.00 1.84
100 Unclassified 99.93 103.18 103.18 89.09 100.67 - - - - - - 0.00 66.50
Unspecified hardwoods 32.80 45.61 81.79 67.28 59.46 100.10 - - - - - - 25.06
Unspecified conifers 27.29 32.74 48.26 - - - - - - - - - 22.20
Other hardwoods 59.92 94.21 43.08 34.79 69.09 53.39 97.98 - - - 100.58 - 26.40
Larch 59.51 32.53 22.06 26.69 32.77 34.12 45.62 57.17 79.53 100.23 - 0.00 13.01
Maple 87.39 34.88 20.19 15.96 18.01 48.57 43.89 100.07 100.17 - - - 10.08
Cedar & other conifers 100.69 70.44 54.37 33.18 36.85 37.42 52.38 53.25 63.89 - 30.48 - 22.81
Douglas-fir 78.12 82.88 69.45 69.89 91.80 49.41 40.25 54.46 93.34 100.06 37.54 - 20.60
Hemlock 100.08 95.72 64.20 41.37 38.30 67.47 48.76 83.66 85.26 99.40 30.08 - 21.72
Birch 27.89 20.31 17.02 16.24 15.98 26.31 38.73 55.70 - - - - 7.86
Fir 37.96 31.37 16.75 15.85 22.82 25.15 28.98 51.30 67.41 67.48 43.46 0.00 10.72
Pine 30.26 13.96 16.37 17.94 20.99 21.28 27.16 34.74 58.78 55.55 53.68 - 7.49
Poplar 28.64 14.52 14.58 13.68 12.89 32.14 26.35 33.84 80.77 49.58 49.22 - 7.19
Spruce 39.45 14.22 9.93 11.50 8.62 9.04 7.80 12.59 47.17 38.70 28.91 0.00 3.78
Subtotal 14.82 8.04 6.05 6.86 6.10 8.21 6.87 10.99 34.01 24.17 14.16 0.00 2.70
Canada Unclassified 38.37 22.00 70.47 52.04 55.05 70.58 69.94 98.98 98.98 - - 0.00 21.15
Unspecified hardwoods 7.92 11.18 16.93 45.99 23.07 53.46 99.58 - - - - 0.00 5.84
Other hardwoods 19.17 13.68 10.68 10.58 11.76 20.44 37.57 41.69 73.76 70.82 49.10 0.00 5.53
Unspecified conifers 6.68 7.22 16.95 29.44 27.59 - - - - - - 0.00 4.71
Larch 16.77 6.23 5.43 5.32 7.21 8.37 9.75 14.26 21.58 34.18 26.98 0.00 2.91
Cedar & other conifers 28.80 16.09 14.82 12.48 9.86 11.62 15.23 27.74 24.53 21.78 8.37 - 6.36
Maple 12.03 8.65 5.11 5.23 5.87 28.46 26.65 29.99 78.64 - 76.12 0.00 3.82
Birch 6.65 4.96 4.92 4.72 4.98 10.20 14.60 26.79 38.64 55.36 61.36 0.00 2.36
Douglas-fir 25.75 23.73 19.24 19.12 11.85 10.18 11.09 11.60 13.09 15.84 13.09 - 4.59
Hemlock 23.41 16.97 15.16 20.24 16.57 16.22 13.77 20.20 15.12 23.80 6.76 - 5.20
Fir 9.59 4.72 4.17 5.35 4.46 7.97 7.24 9.03 9.82 10.23 6.59 0.00 2.56
Pine 5.85 3.74 4.40 4.48 4.59 5.48 6.17 8.56 13.67 17.14 13.07 0.00 1.92
Poplar 5.34 3.74 3.95 3.53 3.76 5.88 8.88 14.38 30.38 30.40 29.22 0.00 1.80
Spruce 6.99 3.44 2.60 2.17 2.04 2.10 2.11 3.39 6.60 9.11 5.95 0.00 0.94
Total 2.53 1.67 1.59 1.54 1.48 1.76 1.86 2.82 4.51 5.42 3.36 0.00 0.72
Source: Canada's National Forest Inventory, combined remeasured (2007-2017) and projected (2006-2017 with NFI projection system) data (Version 3.1, October 2025) (http://nfi.nfis.org)
Note: The Arctic ecozones (Arctic Cordillera, Northern Arctic, Southern Arctic), and the Taiga Plains and Hudson Plains ecozones located in Nunavut, are not inventoried. These non-inventoried areas total 262,189.89 thousand ha.
1 Missing or unknown age class.
Managed forest
Code Description
0 Not available
11 Long term volume or area based Crown timber dispositions
12 Short term volume or area based Crown timber dispositions
13 No current Crown timber dispostions
20 Legal protection status (IUCN class IA, IB, II, III, IV, V, VI equivalent)
31 Reserved by the Federal government for military or other purposes
32 Reserved by the Federal government under the Indian Act
33 Reserved or designated restricted use by provincial or territorial government
40 Aboriginal lands
50 Privately-owned lands
100 Water