Table 14C.1. Annual change in area (1000 ha) of forest land by species group, age class and terrestrial ecozone in Canada.
Terrestrial ecozone Species group Age (years) Total
1-20 21-40 41-60 61-80 81-100 101-120 121-140 141-160 161-180 181-200 201+ Other1
Taiga Plains Spruce -3.38 37.61 23.18 31.63 -2 102.81 1 839.66 18.92 11.94 10.55 2.38 1.65 - -128.69
Poplar 11.22 6.93 -46.44 -135.89 126.08 1.64 15.10 7.60 1.12 - - - -12.64
Fir - 1.12 2.66 1.35 0.90 1.62 0.03 - - - - - 7.68
Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 13.92 13.92
Birch 11.64 4.31 -3.69 4.17 3.40 1.34 1.48 0.80 0.20 - - - 23.65
Larch 1.73 7.44 9.97 14.71 7.63 5.87 4.87 1.08 0.03 0.18 0.19 - 53.70
Pine 5.84 15.55 9.23 17.93 10.48 0.83 -1.21 1.64 0.55 0.01 0.20 - 61.03
Subtotal 27.06 72.95 -5.08 -66.11 -1 954.33 1 850.97 39.18 23.06 12.45 2.57 2.03 13.92 18.66
Taiga Shield Spruce 0.27 41.45 113.58 -323.69 -288.56 -1 091.43 775.22 667.63 1.31 3.48 46.00 - -54.73
Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - -50.05 -50.05
Other hardwoods - -0.12 0.02 -0.00 -0.11 -0.12 0.00 - - - - - -0.34
Maple - - - <0.01 0.00 - - - - - - - <0.01
Fir - 0.40 1.69 -2.55 2.50 -7.91 6.83 0.84 0.16 - - - 1.97
Birch 8.62 3.13 2.08 0.50 -2.42 3.05 - - - - - - 14.95
Poplar 2.08 4.88 2.40 2.78 -71.16 74.61 0.05 - - - - - 15.64
Larch 1.35 6.20 9.69 5.86 6.06 3.26 1.56 1.10 0.15 0.13 0.23 - 35.58
Pine 11.52 38.23 18.33 16.53 4.41 -0.84 1.56 - - - - - 89.73
Subtotal 23.84 94.16 147.80 -300.56 -349.29 -1 019.38 785.21 669.58 1.62 3.61 46.23 -50.05 52.76
Boreal Shield Unclassified -72.45 2.91 0.00 0.20 <0.01 0.00 <0.01 - - - - -158.84 -228.18
Poplar 39.61 75.24 12.78 -204.18 -91.02 -10.25 0.14 0.43 -0.70 0.47 0.18 0.07 -177.24
Unspecified conifers -111.74 -11.81 4.34 1.01 0.33 - - - - - - 0.12 -117.75
Birch 22.80 64.03 -62.69 -86.48 -31.55 5.62 -5.53 -0.21 -0.72 0.13 -0.17 0.23 -94.54
Cedar & other conifers -1.87 -3.46 0.96 -1.69 1.41 3.42 -0.43 -2.65 0.42 -0.26 - - -4.14
Other hardwoods -1.58 -2.10 5.07 -4.81 0.96 -0.34 -0.14 0.39 -0.04 - - 0.41 -2.19
Hemlock - 0.10 -0.24 -0.44 2.25 -1.56 -0.54 -0.45 -0.13 -0.51 -0.50 - -2.02
Larch -44.80 10.95 14.30 14.51 3.86 3.75 6.88 2.60 -0.32 0.26 - 1.84 13.85
Unspecified hardwoods 9.16 12.84 4.92 0.20 3.20 0.06 0.05 - - - - - 30.43
Maple -2.55 23.66 19.70 84.15 -13.94 -8.51 -15.79 -9.83 -0.57 -1.75 -0.10 - 74.47
Spruce -50.71 137.42 365.25 49.71 -539.96 -418.63 551.71 -28.47 3.12 1.03 1.31 10.89 82.66
Pine -0.91 210.24 58.14 -21.02 -94.76 19.50 13.00 2.61 0.05 0.01 - 0.10 186.96
Fir 11.42 84.29 71.02 4.80 46.89 -1.15 17.30 3.45 -1.21 -0.26 0.27 0.71 237.53
Subtotal -203.61 604.32 493.55 -164.02 -712.32 -408.11 566.64 -32.14 -0.10 -0.87 1.00 -144.49 -0.15
Atlantic Maritime Unclassified -4.08 0.65 0.03 0.15 0.06 0.10 - - - - - -12.30 -15.40
Poplar -10.57 2.34 -18.24 3.52 9.04 2.42 - -0.02 - -0.04 - - -11.56
Other hardwoods -14.52 7.45 -0.49 -0.35 0.36 -0.10 - - - - - - -7.65
Cedar & other conifers 0.02 0.92 -4.79 -2.10 -2.97 1.08 1.30 0.20 - - - - -6.34
Fir -26.92 2.57 -21.70 14.60 15.31 13.94 -0.01 0.95 - - - - -1.25
Hemlock -0.06 -0.25 -1.27 0.63 0.16 0.31 0.00 0.01 - - - - -0.48
Maple -21.87 -0.63 -54.22 35.85 27.72 15.15 0.24 0.57 0.11 - 0.00 0.02 2.96
Larch -1.41 0.46 0.99 1.69 1.04 0.17 0.04 -0.01 - - - - 2.97
Pine -3.46 5.01 -2.32 1.23 2.07 2.86 0.10 - - - - - 5.50
Unspecified conifers -14.37 10.65 6.16 2.96 0.40 - - - - - - 0.20 6.00
Unspecified hardwoods 3.19 4.54 2.06 1.76 0.24 0.03 - - - - - 0.01 11.84
Birch -10.31 13.58 -10.10 11.62 4.45 6.84 0.05 - - - - - 16.12
Spruce -15.84 23.35 -41.67 29.18 24.23 9.68 4.00 0.19 -0.07 0.06 - <0.01 33.13
Subtotal -120.21 70.64 -145.56 100.74 82.12 52.49 5.72 1.90 0.04 0.02 0.00 -12.07 35.82
Mixedwood Plains Fir 0.10 -7.28 1.18 1.06 -0.27 0.33 0.00 - - - - - -4.87
Poplar -2.52 -6.01 -0.14 4.74 0.92 1.03 0.04 - - - - - -1.93
Cedar & other conifers -1.82 -5.92 0.27 4.92 2.11 0.44 -0.09 0.41 - - - - 0.32
Pine -4.11 0.34 1.66 2.00 0.50 0.06 0.07 0.00 - - - - 0.51
Hemlock - -0.00 -0.93 0.45 0.82 0.30 -0.03 - - - - - 0.61
Unspecified conifers 0.09 0.82 0.38 0.02 - - - - - - - - 1.31
Maple -1.66 -9.23 -9.85 6.33 11.63 3.06 1.11 0.17 0.11 - - - 1.67
Larch -0.02 -0.04 1.55 -0.02 0.33 - - - - - - - 1.80
Birch -0.63 0.57 1.31 0.71 -0.25 0.14 <0.01 - - - - - 1.85
Other hardwoods -2.67 -8.88 -0.14 7.66 5.87 0.57 0.31 - - - - - 2.73
Spruce -0.44 1.29 0.48 1.25 0.26 0.00 0.05 - - - - - 2.89
Unspecified hardwoods -1.33 1.74 3.23 0.19 1.07 - - - - - - - 4.88
Unclassified 0.56 1.61 - - - - - - - - - 7.49 9.66
Subtotal -14.46 -30.97 -1.00 29.30 22.98 5.93 1.46 0.58 0.11 - - 7.49 21.42
Boreal Plains Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - -91.66 -91.66
Other hardwoods 0.01 -2.93 -0.24 0.15 0.00 <0.01 - -0.01 0.01 - - - -3.01
Unspecified hardwoods - <0.01 - - - - - - - - - - <0.01
Maple -0.55 0.10 0.54 0.02 0.02 -0.09 - - - - - - 0.03
Cedar & other conifers 0.01 <0.01 0.05 - - - - 0.22 - - - - 0.28
Fir -0.10 0.30 0.18 0.04 0.21 -0.33 0.58 -0.94 0.10 0.11 0.27 - 0.43
Pine -5.65 20.63 -33.99 18.73 2.35 -14.00 11.67 -0.98 2.97 0.21 -0.00 0.31 2.23
Birch 2.49 3.80 -6.08 8.37 1.80 1.43 0.08 -0.05 - - - 0.01 11.85
Larch 0.33 3.48 8.88 -9.95 0.95 10.12 4.73 2.99 -4.29 0.20 0.34 - 17.77
Spruce 6.61 6.41 -126.22 60.28 19.89 28.24 36.27 17.50 -3.46 0.41 1.21 - 47.13
Poplar 41.10 4.83 -181.13 123.04 61.02 30.71 23.51 7.88 0.80 0.01 - <0.01 111.80
Subtotal 44.25 36.63 -338.02 200.68 86.24 56.08 76.84 26.60 -3.88 0.95 1.82 -91.34 96.85
Prairies Spruce 0.03 0.78 0.37 -1.40 0.01 -1.83 0.09 0.21 - - - - -1.74
Fir <0.01 0.01 - -0.03 - - - - - - - - -0.01
Other hardwoods 0.01 0.01 0.04 - - - - - - - - - 0.05
Douglas-fir - - 0.03 0.06 <0.01 - - - - - - - 0.09
Larch - 0.08 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 - - - - - - - 0.09
Birch 0.36 0.22 0.02 -0.01 - - - - - - - - 0.60
Maple 0.23 0.20 0.18 <0.01 - - - - - - - - 0.61
Pine 0.02 0.32 2.42 -0.32 -0.15 0.45 - - - - - - 2.74
Poplar 20.63 51.16 -7.42 -28.32 -32.81 0.27 - <0.01 - - - - 3.50
Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 16.83 16.83
Subtotal 21.29 52.78 -4.36 -30.01 -32.95 -1.12 0.09 0.21 - - - 16.83 22.76
Taiga Cordillera Spruce -2.87 -40.53 28.07 27.07 12.31 -398.05 363.55 2.92 2.80 0.16 - - -4.57
Birch 0.02 -0.43 0.47 -10.07 9.99 0.15 - - - - - - 0.13
Fir - -0.56 -8.83 -3.51 -0.49 6.13 3.64 4.01 <0.01 - - - 0.39
Larch 0.01 0.10 0.11 - - 0.07 - 0.11 - - - - 0.40
Poplar 0.05 -0.14 0.90 - -0.30 0.33 0.06 - - - - - 0.90
Pine - -0.40 -0.51 0.96 0.65 0.34 - - - - - - 1.04
Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 7.05 7.05
Subtotal -2.79 -41.96 20.21 14.45 22.16 -391.04 367.25 7.04 2.80 0.16 - 7.05 5.34
Boreal Cordillera Spruce -0.56 -36.13 -31.02 -45.60 -112.22 82.07 81.59 50.18 9.62 0.17 -15.25 - -17.13
Birch -5.09 -27.17 16.99 8.09 0.09 5.36 1.38 0.15 0.02 - - - -0.18
Larch 0.13 0.17 0.26 0.67 0.32 0.19 0.16 0.04 - - - - 1.93
Fir 0.04 0.93 -4.92 -2.21 -6.58 15.14 8.86 11.20 7.63 1.34 -27.88 - 3.54
Poplar -3.78 -32.17 -0.83 18.75 17.50 7.38 1.46 2.40 -1.42 0.31 -1.93 - 7.67
Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 15.62 15.62
Pine -2.28 -32.35 6.75 20.48 -15.61 36.97 14.87 -2.69 -3.03 1.37 1.44 - 25.92
Subtotal -11.55 -126.71 -12.77 0.17 -116.49 147.11 108.32 61.28 12.82 3.20 -43.62 15.62 37.36
Pacific Maritime Unclassified - - 0.01 - - - - - - - - -20.56 -20.56
Pine -1.00 1.33 -1.24 -0.11 -0.14 -0.72 -2.21 2.52 0.10 0.68 -2.37 - -3.16
Spruce -1.65 0.85 2.42 0.09 -1.20 0.15 0.23 0.14 0.56 -1.80 0.03 - -0.17
Unspecified hardwoods 0.02 - - -0.01 - - - - - - - - 0.02
Maple 0.10 -0.09 0.02 -2.37 2.62 0.06 0.05 - - - 0.12 - 0.50
Birch -0.27 0.36 0.06 -0.73 0.67 -0.24 0.41 0.16 - - 0.12 - 0.55
Poplar - -1.02 0.23 -0.62 -0.28 2.68 -0.12 0.57 -0.56 0.14 0.79 - 1.81
Other hardwoods 0.69 -0.51 1.90 0.46 1.64 0.77 -0.13 0.14 0.02 0.26 0.61 - 5.84
Douglas-fir 3.13 -7.02 1.42 2.74 2.51 1.04 -0.14 2.73 -1.96 1.44 1.97 - 7.87
Fir -0.34 2.30 -0.35 1.99 0.15 -1.31 2.81 1.26 0.81 1.69 3.72 - 12.71
Cedar & other conifers 1.18 1.96 0.74 0.68 0.53 0.37 -0.40 2.97 1.99 3.89 16.68 - 30.60
Hemlock 2.87 -9.35 7.10 -3.46 7.54 -1.99 -3.01 0.05 4.33 0.43 30.02 - 34.53
Subtotal 4.74 -11.18 12.31 -1.33 14.02 0.80 -2.53 10.55 5.29 6.73 51.69 -20.56 70.52
Montane Cordillera Pine 32.60 9.19 -16.14 -76.82 -26.11 -9.32 -19.25 1.22 -14.53 -2.70 8.65 - -113.22
Larch 2.40 -0.18 -0.86 -5.18 0.46 -1.08 0.03 0.27 1.22 -0.03 1.18 - -1.79
Other hardwoods - -0.23 0.02 - - - - 0.00 -0.05 0.05 - - -0.21
Cedar & other conifers 0.61 -2.36 1.67 0.40 -0.55 0.27 0.48 -0.12 -0.66 -1.34 1.75 - 0.14
Hemlock 0.14 -0.25 0.56 0.31 -0.89 1.80 2.86 1.00 1.27 1.91 -2.85 - 5.86
Birch 0.09 -1.28 4.96 0.27 -0.62 0.94 0.59 0.85 0.02 0.02 0.05 - 5.89
Poplar 2.46 0.75 1.22 -2.12 7.71 4.09 1.19 4.54 -0.29 0.71 0.39 - 20.66
Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 36.81 36.81
Douglas-fir 2.48 -8.73 -2.70 -20.02 -3.02 10.50 14.45 27.16 4.00 7.79 20.50 - 52.42
Fir 1.46 -2.69 2.96 2.29 -5.52 14.27 11.28 22.41 18.92 0.61 -2.19 - 63.80
Spruce 15.20 15.21 10.14 1.07 0.96 10.79 11.36 9.91 0.05 -23.40 16.17 - 67.47
Subtotal 57.45 9.43 1.83 -99.80 -27.58 32.26 23.01 67.23 9.95 -16.38 43.64 36.81 137.83
Hudson Plains Spruce -2.34 26.43 47.11 21.38 -407.86 10.81 289.51 2.53 0.45 <0.01 - - -11.98
Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - -3.28 -3.28
Unspecified conifers - -0.10 0.10 - - - - - - - - - 0.00
Cedar & other conifers - - 0.10 - - - -0.08 - - - - - 0.02
Poplar 0.00 0.18 0.61 -7.59 7.35 -0.03 0.33 - - - - - 0.86
Fir - 0.29 0.84 -0.01 -0.03 0.13 - - - - - - 1.22
Birch 0.23 0.71 0.43 0.09 - 0.10 - - - - - - 1.55
Pine -0.38 6.74 0.40 1.17 0.93 1.22 - - - - - - 10.09
Larch -1.32 3.85 4.05 2.42 4.42 0.84 0.60 0.06 0.02 0.02 - - 14.96
Subtotal -3.82 38.10 53.64 17.46 -395.19 13.07 290.37 2.59 0.47 0.02 - -3.28 13.43
Canada Unclassified -75.98 5.17 0.03 0.35 0.06 0.10 <0.01 - - - - -238.98 -309.25
Unspecified conifers -126.02 -0.43 10.97 3.99 0.72 - - - - - - 0.32 -110.45
Poplar 100.28 106.98 -236.06 -225.88 34.05 114.88 41.75 23.40 -1.05 1.61 -0.56 0.07 -40.53
Birch 29.96 61.83 -56.24 -63.46 -14.45 24.71 -1.53 1.69 -0.48 0.14 -0.00 0.24 -17.59
Other hardwoods -18.07 -7.30 6.17 3.11 8.73 0.78 0.04 0.52 -0.07 0.31 0.61 0.41 -4.78
Spruce -55.69 214.14 391.69 -149.03 -3 394.94 71.45 2 132.51 734.69 24.95 -17.50 51.12 10.89 14.27
Cedar & other conifers -1.86 -8.87 -0.99 2.22 0.52 5.57 0.79 1.03 1.75 2.29 18.43 - 20.89
Hemlock 2.95 -9.75 5.23 -2.50 9.86 -1.15 -0.73 0.61 5.47 1.83 26.67 - 38.50
Unspecified hardwoods 11.04 19.13 10.21 2.14 4.51 0.09 0.05 - - - - 0.01 47.17
Douglas-fir 5.62 -15.75 -1.25 -17.23 -0.51 11.55 14.31 29.89 2.04 9.23 22.47 - 60.38
Maple -26.30 14.02 -43.63 123.99 28.05 9.67 -14.39 -9.09 -0.35 -1.75 0.02 0.02 80.24
Larch -41.60 32.51 48.95 24.69 25.08 23.19 18.86 8.23 -3.19 0.77 1.94 1.84 141.27
Pine 32.20 274.82 42.73 -19.24 -115.39 37.34 18.59 4.31 -13.90 -0.42 7.92 0.40 269.36
Fir -14.34 81.70 44.73 17.82 53.07 40.86 51.32 43.18 26.41 3.49 -25.81 0.71 323.13
Total -177.82 768.19 222.54 -299.04 -3 360.63 339.06 2 261.56 838.46 41.58 0.00 102.79 -224.08 512.61
Source: Canada's National Forest Inventory, combined remeasured (2007-2017) and projected (2006-2017 with NFI projection system) data, where plots with strong indicators of artificial change are removed. Artificial change between successive plot measurements can be caused by using different image sources, incorporating vintage baseline inventories, and updating photo-interpretation techniques (Version 3.1, November 2025) (http://nfi.nfis.org)
Note: The Arctic ecozones (Arctic Cordillera, Northern Arctic, Southern Arctic), and the Taiga Plains and Hudson Plains ecozones located in Nunavut, are not inventoried. These non-inventoried areas total 262,189.89 thousand ha.
1 Missing or unknown age class.