Table 16C.1a. Relative standard errors (%) for annual change in total tree volume by species group, age class and terrestrial ecozone in Canada.
Terrestrial ecozone Species group Age (years) Total
1-20 21-40 41-60 61-80 81-100 101-120 121-140 141-160 161-180 181-200 201+ Other1
Taiga Plains Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 0.00 0.00
Fir - 100.00 71.45 74.97 74.51 98.49 99.99 - - - - - 53.67
Larch 50.80 27.60 17.83 19.58 21.59 30.04 41.59 89.52 61.70 70.78 112.14 - 11.25
Birch 30.19 42.92 78.07 31.44 41.22 77.97 46.02 57.28 56.10 - - - 18.66
Pine 30.95 19.99 34.86 26.88 26.09 85.64 200.0* 77.33 94.02 99.99 99.99 - 16.33
Poplar 40.35 30.54 14.78 9.42 11.63 51.67 36.37 35.35 70.35 - - - 6.89
Spruce 34.61 17.18 12.42 13.00 2.25 2.48 37.31 50.64 30.65 48.26 52.28 - 1.65
Subtotal 21.30 12.07 9.57 7.26 2.23 2.55 24.60 27.21 27.20 46.16 45.56 0.00 1.63
Taiga Shield Other hardwoods - 99.99 99.99 110.14 58.77 45.61 99.99 - - - - - 34.77
Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 0.00 0.00
Maple - - - 100.03 91.37 - - - - - - - 84.13
Fir - 49.29 66.80 37.50 39.07 12.78 18.09 76.54 85.80 - - - 10.39
Birch 31.07 38.96 35.67 49.39 27.36 26.64 - - - - - - 13.69
Larch 51.90 28.82 15.49 18.80 39.89 30.61 33.13 59.89 59.79 74.96 69.85 - 12.31
Poplar 35.54 32.78 51.14 35.40 8.96 8.72 77.00 - - - - - 6.06
Pine 37.57 18.18 24.12 25.27 30.75 31.37 37.65 - - - - - 10.76
Spruce 39.01 14.79 10.76 7.65 13.12 5.03 2.51 4.47 42.82 63.24 21.71 - 2.01
Subtotal 19.73 10.30 9.04 7.05 10.74 4.69 2.50 4.45 34.92 61.44 21.59 0.00 1.91
Boreal Shield Spruce 25.55 18.14 12.85 12.09 5.38 5.47 5.19 13.06 55.44 42.74 75.16 0.00 2.90
Poplar 15.01 29.64 26.72 10.63 10.19 36.18 44.95 75.69 66.47 76.90 99.99 0.00 6.53
Birch 33.29 30.69 17.70 19.63 32.25 29.01 19.59 94.15 58.30 55.44 100.00 0.00 9.84
Unspecified conifers 12.60 111.58 43.44 48.42 41.96 - - - - - - 0.00 14.33
Pine 20.40 11.92 28.83 21.81 10.58 16.63 31.62 98.66 193.44 85.64 - 0.00 6.69
Unclassified 15.84 30.34 0.00 100.04 100.02 4.80 100.04 - - - - 0.00 14.88
Cedar & other conifers 167.68 35.38 200.0* 55.09 200.0* 63.03 76.64 44.19 127.44 97.61 - - 29.39
Hemlock - 84.03 117.16 200.0* 49.25 43.81 123.24 97.24 160.30 98.18 66.41 - 32.22
Other hardwoods 57.97 40.88 63.26 45.71 32.83 77.46 55.33 63.47 102.25 - - 0.00 20.87
Unspecified hardwoods 46.35 26.44 28.45 45.80 28.90 100.00 100.00 - - - - - 19.46
Maple 66.30 27.07 16.41 14.87 88.67 19.04 22.34 30.60 200.0* 100.00 100.00 - 9.14
Larch 35.16 16.02 18.31 15.49 34.39 55.16 31.84 46.82 200.0* 81.71 - 0.00 9.65
Fir 26.87 11.49 11.18 16.94 12.57 101.30 19.76 47.30 156.21 89.42 106.15 0.00 6.14
Subtotal 7.28 7.29 6.72 6.01 4.16 4.89 4.69 11.07 43.56 34.79 38.98 0.00 2.11
Atlantic Maritime Other hardwoods 13.65 24.29 40.23 57.35 52.81 85.97 - - - - - - 11.13
Cedar & other conifers 67.80 41.11 24.30 71.02 61.59 68.74 46.76 100.89 - - - - 19.49
Poplar 46.18 57.20 21.65 44.67 24.92 29.59 - 62.76 - 98.91 - - 13.90
Unclassified 86.24 55.47 76.48 72.24 100.57 100.57 - - - - - 0.00 57.80
Hemlock 73.31 52.42 87.93 42.50 104.41 73.34 100.26 98.91 - - - - 36.45
Larch 63.12 28.56 38.61 32.27 28.07 53.97 99.99 99.61 - - - - 15.21
Unspecified hardwoods 34.26 47.84 40.80 64.79 47.87 99.95 - - - - - 0.00 21.67
Pine 40.99 32.19 59.98 94.36 74.18 53.91 45.95 - - - - - 24.23
Unspecified conifers 37.64 37.71 22.41 46.41 40.59 - - - - - - 0.00 19.37
Fir 39.35 22.85 28.38 16.54 32.29 22.95 84.70 40.48 - - - - 10.30
Birch 98.53 20.96 52.10 31.32 42.78 23.21 99.99 - - - - - 14.95
Spruce 59.89 16.87 13.01 12.64 21.26 26.97 40.16 44.11 139.00 98.91 - 0.00 7.11
Maple 178.10 33.08 15.29 14.66 18.07 19.24 45.12 96.54 99.99 - 0.00 0.00 8.01
Subtotal 13.94 9.47 8.16 7.83 10.87 10.71 24.78 34.08 88.17 72.83 0.00 0.00 3.96
Mixedwood Plains Fir 73.62 28.10 41.56 60.92 195.49 71.29 99.99 - - - - - 21.29
Hemlock - 99.99 75.25 65.09 108.91 66.94 99.99 - - - - - 41.93
Poplar 25.93 15.46 81.58 34.98 78.18 63.42 99.99 - - - - - 18.85
Unclassified 56.04 42.98 - - - - - - - - - 0.00 35.97
Unspecified conifers 200.0* 55.36 40.89 88.50 - - - - - - - - 46.75
Birch 38.06 97.27 66.34 46.63 176.98 76.69 99.99 - - - - - 34.93
Spruce 44.25 98.08 105.46 37.23 57.58 99.93 85.98 - - - - - 29.43
Larch 63.49 55.87 38.32 179.58 50.50 - - - - - - - 31.77
Pine 38.37 98.30 72.72 45.00 47.29 67.27 99.99 99.99 - - - - 27.01
Cedar & other conifers 32.97 45.03 95.89 32.81 52.72 74.92 125.24 70.90 - - - - 23.37
Unspecified hardwoods 38.78 29.62 32.76 69.33 39.44 - - - - - - - 19.56
Other hardwoods 24.44 13.87 62.22 38.43 25.55 73.60 55.14 - - - - - 16.44
Maple 40.63 17.65 38.88 93.47 29.87 45.56 56.54 47.88 99.99 - - - 18.50
Subtotal 16.19 10.03 17.88 20.39 17.54 28.81 38.32 51.73 99.99 - - 0.00 7.65
Boreal Plains Fir 103.31 158.22 200.0* 141.79 200.0* 65.66 87.56 86.65 124.24 200.0* 200.0* - 49.36
Other hardwoods 87.27 56.44 188.76 85.09 100.00 100.00 - 100.00 100.00 - - - 45.04
Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 7.00 7.00
Unspecified hardwoods - 100.00 - - - - - - - - - - 100.00
Cedar & other conifers 86.96 100.00 100.00 - - - - 100.00 - - - - 74.83
Maple 124.23 43.62 95.47 55.36 100.00 100.00 - - - - - - 56.05
Birch 44.87 49.12 54.06 24.81 30.18 57.72 86.03 75.29 - - - 0.00 18.18
Larch 87.45 46.91 31.33 23.32 21.30 16.82 20.29 25.81 31.72 57.55 74.18 - 8.91
Pine 35.89 29.25 22.83 38.34 38.24 67.44 33.83 76.96 52.24 64.77 100.00 0.00 14.23
Spruce 26.74 27.88 16.33 15.01 12.55 21.10 23.89 29.18 57.78 156.85 102.89 - 6.94
Poplar 20.11 40.04 9.92 11.26 19.67 20.25 21.93 33.50 67.84 74.45 - 0.00 6.13
Subtotal 14.48 18.31 7.79 8.54 10.20 14.21 13.96 20.47 33.68 100.42 90.46 7.00 4.20
Prairies Poplar 14.49 11.27 27.97 14.35 14.50 82.59 - 99.99 - - - - 7.64
Spruce 42.24 91.30 107.83 45.24 42.61 86.55 99.99 96.14 - - - - 42.79
Fir 100.00 100.00 - 99.99 - - - - - - - - 74.87
Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 0.00 0.00
Other hardwoods 77.76 70.90 99.98 - - - - - - - - - 74.76
Larch - 58.09 100.00 99.99 99.99 - - - - - - - 44.19
Douglas-fir - - 99.99 99.99 100.22 - - - - - - - 74.89
Birch 51.01 44.04 75.23 99.99 - - - - - - - - 31.56
Maple 33.89 43.82 78.24 98.24 - - - - - - - - 37.04
Pine 80.40 96.52 77.82 93.39 105.89 99.99 - - - - - - 47.85
Subtotal 14.22 11.12 26.38 13.66 14.26 66.28 99.99 95.24 - - - 0.00 7.45
Taiga Cordillera Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 0.00 0.00
Larch 99.93 50.07 53.02 - - 91.92 - 99.93 - - - - 65.44
Birch 89.19 99.46 200.0* 15.90 15.99 76.22 - - - - - - 11.20
Pine - 93.93 83.52 200.0* 95.97 99.99 - - - - - - 70.61
Poplar 70.95 95.34 75.56 - 99.99 96.47 99.99 - - - - - 44.09
Fir - 58.03 52.65 200.0* 91.43 68.86 117.43 53.12 99.99 - - - 35.58
Spruce 200.0* 39.77 31.49 34.60 64.66 5.68 6.13 87.26 57.58 99.99 - - 4.12
Subtotal 123.38 33.10 25.34 16.34 18.78 5.65 6.12 47.22 57.54 99.99 - 0.00 4.01
Boreal Cordillera Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 0.00 0.00
Larch 80.64 70.17 54.37 48.89 42.17 51.96 50.01 84.12 - - - - 20.44
Fir 90.54 35.60 88.31 39.77 31.70 60.07 46.89 33.02 32.46 165.73 23.24 - 13.95
Birch 45.69 51.64 60.06 84.64 124.11 51.32 90.32 65.17 100.00 - - - 34.26
Poplar 82.14 29.77 87.67 39.63 19.03 41.06 74.87 75.30 153.71 100.00 151.46 - 18.98
Pine 53.24 66.87 140.02 26.59 24.40 27.05 36.48 200.0* 92.45 101.00 122.66 - 15.00
Spruce 100.75 128.66 70.02 65.10 13.74 18.13 19.14 18.49 43.10 71.48 38.85 - 8.27
Subtotal 40.90 38.55 53.06 21.71 10.54 13.76 15.50 17.79 31.10 52.49 21.34 0.00 6.16
Pacific Maritime Pine 57.43 68.58 48.72 200.0* 109.06 173.16 200.0* 110.37 200.0* 124.17 120.00 - 53.67
Unclassified - - 100.00 - - - - - - - - 0.00 100.00
Unspecified hardwoods 99.99 - - 99.99 - - - - - - - - 80.15
Spruce 83.59 200.0* 51.25 107.40 154.52 103.10 150.80 200.0* 85.50 71.52 200.0* - 56.57
Maple 0.00 126.82 200.0* 103.09 89.12 93.08 99.99 - - - 85.64 - 60.40
Birch 91.87 69.14 116.47 200.0* 69.04 102.11 103.95 99.29 - - 99.99 - 44.13
Other hardwoods 80.98 200.0* 69.70 112.54 36.29 50.51 200.0* 91.51 99.99 99.99 43.99 - 29.02
Poplar - 75.74 96.23 98.87 93.26 38.03 77.73 84.65 66.87 104.85 64.34 - 24.67
Douglas-fir 39.00 186.91 158.20 164.16 74.82 143.91 200.0* 95.88 67.70 66.32 135.51 - 44.94
Fir 200.0* 97.84 78.40 46.32 119.05 74.37 55.11 70.68 160.77 73.08 26.85 - 19.58
Cedar & other conifers 200.0* 50.15 130.32 58.51 72.19 111.64 173.52 63.67 79.92 121.28 28.63 - 22.11
Hemlock 36.15 146.33 44.62 200.0* 47.30 77.77 108.54 200.0* 44.78 200.0* 15.50 - 14.38
Subtotal 29.54 65.23 38.14 75.57 29.20 37.52 58.19 51.01 31.72 38.40 12.39 0.00 9.78
Montane Cordillera Pine 37.06 78.90 142.30 18.59 95.24 52.79 48.29 189.78 76.92 77.19 53.54 - 19.43
Other hardwoods - 100.00 73.98 - - - - 99.94 99.94 99.94 - - 66.42
Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 0.00 0.00
Larch 188.44 200.0* 169.71 51.65 112.70 200.0* 200.0* 194.13 49.23 200.0* 67.71 - 43.61
Birch 200.0* 53.53 58.75 76.16 78.14 48.86 48.93 53.25 100.00 100.00 100.00 - 27.64
Hemlock 84.68 104.36 200.0* 105.22 200.0* 70.51 57.56 200.0* 190.51 200.0* 120.94 - 63.20
Cedar & other conifers 50.78 200.0* 57.66 200.0* 200.0* 123.24 51.29 200.0* 192.52 107.44 37.60 - 31.01
Spruce 99.37 83.52 29.63 200.0* 66.03 108.91 124.11 42.29 163.94 33.52 155.48 - 24.44
Fir 80.03 45.26 84.08 92.86 104.68 53.33 60.69 36.18 30.44 200.0* 158.33 - 23.11
Douglas-fir 68.08 40.36 139.86 25.54 200.0* 62.28 44.23 21.66 200.0* 113.08 44.31 - 17.32
Poplar 84.16 36.90 30.22 46.93 31.57 49.82 43.66 26.88 99.13 88.23 51.42 - 17.43
Subtotal 28.08 24.70 24.86 14.62 35.93 26.09 25.77 21.50 32.44 31.11 32.11 0.00 8.81
Hudson Plains Cedar & other conifers - - 100.05 - - - 103.34 - - - - - 79.41
Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 0.00 0.00
Unspecified conifers - 99.99 99.99 - - - - - - - - - 74.27
Fir - 59.05 55.84 110.38 99.98 71.35 - - - - - - 34.81
Birch 82.20 82.59 100.00 66.83 - 73.27 - - - - - - 46.65
Poplar 100.41 46.73 48.86 51.08 46.21 54.14 42.80 - - - - - 27.65
Pine 55.15 38.46 105.86 115.42 75.62 55.97 - - - - - - 31.97
Larch 200.0* 30.53 19.45 34.30 53.88 75.52 52.18 200.0* 100.00 99.99 - - 22.35
Spruce 57.84 24.08 18.40 30.22 8.27 7.44 6.53 89.75 89.64 99.99 - - 4.13
Subtotal 38.18 18.48 15.99 24.06 8.07 7.36 6.50 89.25 83.75 77.14 - 0.00 3.99
Canada Unspecified conifers 12.03 50.43 25.85 37.49 29.18 - - - - - - 0.00 11.60
Unclassified 15.52 22.90 65.54 69.30 97.38 100.57 100.04 - - - - 7.00 13.91
Pine 14.44 9.33 16.76 11.36 12.72 18.14 22.67 76.68 50.82 54.27 45.32 0.00 6.17
Unspecified hardwoods 31.69 20.89 19.12 51.21 23.54 72.51 100.00 - - - - 0.00 13.21
Other hardwoods 12.88 17.85 41.19 30.79 18.32 38.88 41.38 51.39 63.83 95.31 43.99 0.00 11.13
Birch 19.01 16.71 15.01 12.71 18.48 17.45 16.91 39.21 46.28 54.25 64.44 0.00 6.51
Spruce 15.81 9.74 6.64 6.35 2.12 1.97 2.35 5.50 26.96 26.15 38.52 0.00 1.20
Maple 50.58 16.16 10.81 10.98 23.73 14.05 20.63 28.92 200.0* 100.00 68.86 0.00 6.10
Cedar & other conifers 59.45 25.26 42.22 29.08 49.42 42.23 47.50 46.06 71.76 79.35 22.91 - 14.43
Poplar 10.10 11.64 7.52 5.67 6.24 13.09 16.83 18.54 39.73 51.07 41.92 0.00 3.24
Larch 31.96 11.01 11.75 11.43 19.29 25.17 23.56 34.47 29.02 79.74 59.27 0.00 6.69
Douglas-fir 48.65 69.54 122.40 51.50 100.20 59.65 47.03 21.40 73.60 71.31 43.61 - 17.86
Hemlock 33.40 112.44 39.17 167.15 43.06 53.89 62.39 200.0* 46.06 186.54 17.29 - 13.81
Fir 21.61 9.75 10.40 12.65 11.40 20.72 20.08 22.93 25.67 200.0* 26.51 0.00 5.86
Total 5.27 4.64 4.03 3.50 2.05 2.03 2.58 5.68 15.56 21.09 11.00 7.00 1.11
Source: Canada's National Forest Inventory, combined remeasured (2007-2017) and projected (2006-2017 with NFI projection system) data, where plots with strong indicators of artificial change are removed. Artificial change between successive plot measurements can be caused by using different image sources, incorporating vintage baseline inventories, and updating photo-interpretation techniques (Version 3.1, November 2025) (http://nfi.nfis.org)
Note: The Arctic ecozones (Arctic Cordillera, Northern Arctic, Southern Arctic), and the Taiga Plains and Hudson Plains ecozones located in Nunavut, are not inventoried. These non-inventoried areas total 262,189.89 thousand ha.
1 Missing or unknown age class.
* When the calculated RSE value is inflated, usually due to the associated change estimate being small (near 0), a cap of 200% is substituted for presentation purposes.