Table 16.1a. Relative standard errors (%) of total tree volume by species group, age class and terrestrial ecozone in Canada.
Terrestrial ecozone Species group Age (years) Total
1-20 21-40 41-60 61-80 81-100 101-120 121-140 141-160 161-180 181-200 201+ Other1
Taiga Plains Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 0.00 0.00
Fir - 100.00 71.51 74.97 74.51 91.35 99.99 - - - - - 51.70
Larch 34.64 17.72 17.91 14.26 15.81 16.34 29.76 45.12 46.57 58.53 66.18 - 7.28
Birch 20.41 25.57 22.71 18.04 19.85 36.91 38.40 56.74 53.22 - 89.91 - 9.41
Pine 22.24 14.22 16.71 18.07 17.12 33.27 26.66 41.73 88.13 99.99 99.99 - 8.43
Poplar 24.54 17.06 17.12 14.31 7.82 15.78 20.24 27.57 55.69 74.65 - - 5.69
Spruce 25.46 12.50 9.63 7.04 7.47 2.84 9.55 14.11 18.62 40.01 36.65 - 2.39
Subtotal 11.97 7.69 6.87 7.12 5.15 2.77 9.25 12.11 17.43 35.82 29.45 0.00 2.09
Taiga Shield Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 0.00 0.00
Maple - - - 100.03 100.03 - - - - - - - 98.15
Unspecified conifers - - 100.06 - - - - - - - - - 100.06
Other hardwoods - - 99.99 51.92 27.88 25.25 94.74 - - - - - 18.04
Fir 100.00 46.21 65.98 40.70 34.66 61.46 13.64 49.69 85.80 - - - 13.37
Birch 24.46 27.05 27.36 30.14 34.12 26.14 100.08 - - - - - 12.39
Larch 33.51 19.71 10.70 19.77 32.24 28.24 55.80 45.11 50.72 63.13 60.10 - 10.48
Poplar 32.69 25.35 46.65 30.76 54.51 8.51 78.75 - - - - - 8.05
Pine 18.02 13.98 16.93 15.74 26.08 40.00 37.10 100.00 - - - - 7.73
Spruce 31.84 11.35 8.07 9.10 6.60 5.19 3.16 4.64 34.15 60.19 20.45 - 2.05
Subtotal 12.38 7.81 6.75 7.35 6.21 4.67 3.13 4.61 29.17 56.96 20.33 0.00 1.92
Boreal Shield Unclassified 54.57 28.31 87.65 71.45 83.71 99.98 96.68 99.98 99.98 - - 0.00 29.77
Hemlock - 84.03 34.31 31.70 20.03 58.44 38.26 100.00 100.00 - - - 14.07
Other hardwoods 32.94 20.36 15.05 16.64 18.40 31.31 44.70 47.99 86.36 - - 0.00 8.54
Cedar & other conifers 77.79 34.31 17.25 16.91 12.89 17.19 19.76 35.35 55.98 - - - 7.12
Unspecified hardwoods 9.39 15.01 27.52 45.81 28.90 100.00 99.49 - - - - - 7.38
Larch 16.96 10.09 8.93 9.03 12.92 12.33 16.94 21.81 66.81 83.51 - 0.00 4.47
Unspecified conifers 7.88 8.87 22.70 35.53 39.10 - - - - - - 0.00 5.82
Maple 29.91 13.20 8.88 10.12 8.84 17.07 35.39 42.08 85.36 - - - 4.93
Fir 13.95 6.65 5.82 6.80 5.38 15.47 12.12 36.50 49.44 64.13 89.29 0.00 2.86
Birch 9.13 6.16 5.68 5.96 6.28 15.02 17.68 48.26 74.64 67.97 - 0.00 3.02
Pine 7.46 5.23 5.62 5.75 6.17 12.59 15.72 32.64 68.80 100.00 - 0.00 2.62
Poplar 7.94 5.89 5.08 5.45 5.91 16.29 25.52 34.35 - 70.85 99.98 0.00 2.77
Spruce 9.98 5.00 3.43 3.05 2.71 4.42 3.65 9.64 19.91 37.38 65.02 0.00 1.44
Subtotal 3.45 2.42 2.05 2.09 1.96 3.64 3.29 8.18 17.37 28.79 46.85 0.00 0.96
Atlantic Maritime Unclassified 37.32 55.43 76.48 72.24 100.56 100.56 - - - - - 0.00 27.47
Hemlock 99.95 99.99 47.36 35.46 41.97 73.29 100.26 98.67 - - - - 22.56
Other hardwoods 26.92 14.38 49.78 37.45 48.12 98.67 - - - - - - 11.62
Larch 37.04 22.80 16.80 21.62 29.08 53.98 99.99 - - - - - 10.29
Unspecified hardwoods 13.43 17.83 30.80 61.45 47.87 99.95 - - - - - 0.00 12.02
Pine 40.66 24.34 26.98 24.65 22.60 45.35 48.14 - - - - - 12.16
Cedar & other conifers 45.26 34.42 23.64 21.56 15.35 19.73 32.29 79.45 - - - - 9.26
Unspecified conifers 14.56 13.14 22.11 42.92 40.59 - - - - - - 0.00 8.84
Poplar 16.50 12.92 11.43 10.94 19.91 29.45 - 99.99 - - - - 6.23
Birch 16.76 12.92 12.68 13.22 14.37 22.06 99.99 - - - - - 6.19
Maple 17.92 11.74 9.16 7.46 9.71 17.93 36.65 84.31 99.99 - 99.99 0.00 4.45
Fir 14.46 7.76 6.56 8.34 12.41 17.52 40.59 40.27 - - - - 4.11
Spruce 13.09 9.34 7.16 6.05 8.18 13.41 34.40 41.74 99.99 98.67 - 0.00 3.47
Subtotal 5.91 4.08 3.68 3.66 4.87 7.65 19.97 34.28 76.70 98.67 99.99 0.00 1.89
Mixedwood Plains Unclassified 63.33 43.01 - - - - - - - - - 0.00 35.74
Unspecified conifers 39.53 38.32 44.38 88.50 - - - - - - - - 24.36
Hemlock - - 45.86 67.43 32.73 66.58 - - - - - - 26.84
Larch 67.44 41.56 40.55 47.79 48.96 - - - - - - - 30.32
Spruce 51.90 23.65 20.56 29.32 47.57 - 85.98 - - - - - 13.63
Birch 38.83 22.60 20.01 40.18 71.13 75.89 99.99 - - - - - 14.21
Unspecified hardwoods 26.86 23.79 30.52 59.65 39.46 100.17 - - - - - - 18.05
Fir 59.84 37.40 27.30 38.70 77.69 82.87 99.99 - - - - - 20.00
Pine 67.30 22.12 20.62 24.33 43.12 80.22 70.94 99.99 - - - - 11.87
Cedar & other conifers 84.51 26.75 17.38 16.78 25.02 34.91 48.82 70.90 - - - - 9.77
Poplar 27.45 19.79 12.19 22.18 35.44 58.11 99.99 - - - - - 9.74
Other hardwoods 37.64 16.96 14.45 12.92 18.33 34.84 61.35 - - - - - 8.19
Maple 37.98 15.04 11.08 10.64 13.94 26.65 46.08 57.10 99.99 - - - 6.28
Subtotal 15.47 7.68 6.08 6.55 9.38 18.62 30.16 43.63 99.99 - - 0.00 3.59
Boreal Plains Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 0.00 0.00
Unspecified hardwoods - 100.00 - - - - - - - - - - 100.00
Cedar & other conifers 86.96 100.00 100.00 - - - - 71.68 - - - - 59.92
Other hardwoods 87.55 38.44 52.57 89.63 - 100.00 - - 100.00 - - - 49.09
Maple 100.00 43.73 90.84 53.10 100.00 - - - - - - - 50.37
Fir 100.00 48.59 33.10 43.07 57.23 42.97 66.10 95.76 100.00 100.00 85.18 - 19.60
Birch 25.52 19.42 16.17 15.64 28.59 47.53 49.37 87.71 - - - 0.00 8.93
Larch 52.98 14.66 11.06 9.12 8.92 10.91 12.52 18.17 32.30 44.06 72.76 - 4.33
Pine 14.99 10.26 12.58 10.64 10.80 12.40 17.80 22.29 40.44 99.98 99.98 0.00 4.90
Spruce 20.02 8.56 6.53 5.08 5.91 5.37 6.41 10.47 15.54 40.27 36.30 - 2.47
Poplar 9.86 7.24 7.93 5.19 6.21 7.92 12.14 25.24 45.27 70.76 - 0.00 2.86
Subtotal 7.44 4.80 4.69 3.34 3.85 4.26 5.64 8.63 14.44 37.12 33.51 0.00 1.70
Prairies Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 0.00 0.00
Other hardwoods 77.81 70.90 99.98 - - - - - - - - - 74.74
Fir 100.00 100.00 - 99.99 - - - - - - - - 84.14
Larch - 58.09 100.00 100.00 100.00 - - - - - - - 44.19
Douglas-fir - - 100.00 100.00 100.22 - - - - - - - 74.89
Maple 33.89 43.81 78.18 98.24 - - - - - - - - 37.02
Birch 50.03 44.04 80.81 - - - - - - - - - 32.55
Pine 80.38 96.52 77.84 43.59 60.75 100.00 - - - - - - 62.24
Spruce 79.10 91.29 54.32 46.03 73.98 72.19 100.00 96.14 - - - - 29.31
Poplar 14.36 10.78 20.45 27.76 52.89 81.62 - 100.00 - - - - 7.88
Subtotal 14.11 10.65 19.04 25.67 43.91 59.15 100.00 92.82 - - - 0.00 7.60
Taiga Cordillera Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 0.00 0.00
Larch 99.94 40.24 38.54 85.33 75.97 89.97 94.50 76.74 99.94 - - - 36.88
Poplar 63.29 84.73 52.67 66.96 71.80 78.58 99.99 - - - - - 30.43
Pine - 99.94 99.99 63.96 67.70 77.76 99.99 - - - - - 37.86
Birch 65.51 75.56 65.72 73.53 16.24 67.70 - - - - - - 15.39
Fir - 99.99 50.26 35.75 37.19 35.09 35.25 51.49 99.18 - - - 18.61
Spruce 34.74 24.48 17.44 18.05 21.42 21.82 6.56 39.90 53.24 99.99 - - 5.97
Subtotal 31.82 21.42 16.11 14.95 12.70 18.04 6.48 30.85 48.81 99.99 - 0.00 5.58
Boreal Cordillera Unclassified - - - - 100.14 - - - - - - 0.00 100.14
Larch 54.39 39.20 44.94 29.29 40.60 40.15 35.94 56.05 - - - - 14.99
Birch 66.69 38.62 28.52 41.57 47.38 47.49 83.14 46.45 70.65 - - - 21.28
Poplar 41.15 26.97 21.28 25.62 16.23 22.91 52.24 60.11 37.76 100.00 58.73 - 12.35
Fir 82.50 33.25 22.51 46.94 16.28 18.42 18.60 17.58 21.55 32.43 17.26 - 7.54
Pine 35.83 27.21 20.40 23.37 15.51 14.37 15.67 22.11 23.99 59.71 32.55 - 6.90
Spruce 36.44 20.81 19.46 17.21 10.05 8.63 9.61 11.00 14.86 24.74 12.94 - 4.21
Subtotal 20.76 14.46 11.57 11.86 7.08 6.61 7.90 9.10 11.19 21.20 10.09 0.00 3.17
Pacific Maritime Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 0.00 0.00
Unspecified hardwoods 99.98 - - 99.98 - - - - - - - - 80.43
Birch 86.81 58.24 81.76 69.97 55.73 52.46 79.51 99.60 - - 99.98 - 27.16
Maple 0.00 47.44 65.14 39.78 85.20 99.23 99.98 - - - 85.63 - 45.86
Pine 99.98 66.88 60.68 40.64 51.76 41.72 50.27 85.14 83.91 44.06 28.32 - 21.37
Poplar - 66.63 39.42 53.37 38.86 42.32 40.24 45.43 63.14 53.85 63.18 - 19.42
Other hardwoods 74.89 42.91 23.01 27.58 37.82 46.62 80.79 77.81 99.98 99.98 53.00 - 13.59
Spruce - 48.97 55.96 66.88 47.32 51.37 49.45 52.18 57.88 50.97 19.65 - 16.53
Douglas-fir 33.64 34.81 24.65 24.75 26.96 27.52 38.78 33.47 39.65 35.61 28.12 - 10.52
Fir 33.21 27.19 36.60 41.21 30.11 40.80 48.96 28.33 34.99 34.87 11.44 - 9.88
Cedar & other conifers 31.24 30.89 42.85 40.61 37.51 37.64 34.87 47.72 30.21 25.21 8.94 - 7.99
Hemlock 23.85 17.21 17.31 23.22 23.16 21.19 17.59 30.50 18.75 19.81 6.57 - 5.31
Subtotal 16.63 11.88 11.85 14.08 13.62 13.57 17.42 16.56 13.33 13.11 4.63 0.00 3.54
Montane Cordillera Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 0.00 0.00
Other hardwoods - - 73.99 - - - - 99.94 - 99.94 - - 82.54
Birch 48.84 44.48 49.58 35.85 27.57 36.25 30.58 46.30 78.43 94.06 100.00 - 15.41
Larch 46.23 47.56 67.59 33.95 26.46 27.76 27.67 38.38 37.89 48.41 29.97 - 11.71
Cedar & other conifers 38.48 52.29 36.46 36.81 37.29 35.46 41.50 31.10 48.77 38.46 20.86 - 16.45
Poplar 26.66 23.18 23.57 18.19 15.44 26.94 15.92 26.91 39.49 62.40 46.15 - 8.53
Hemlock 56.35 47.11 45.75 55.47 32.46 32.32 31.09 28.96 31.43 43.35 16.96 - 11.94
Douglas-fir 40.67 24.63 20.39 15.87 14.22 11.89 11.08 12.98 14.86 18.53 12.76 - 4.94
Fir 27.21 33.24 22.15 19.41 16.56 14.72 10.41 11.63 12.62 11.82 8.61 - 4.72
Pine 28.36 10.74 18.96 11.75 8.93 8.42 8.42 10.98 18.51 17.18 14.58 - 3.71
Spruce 35.83 19.60 20.82 14.87 11.41 10.04 9.81 8.91 10.31 10.84 7.79 - 3.73
Subtotal 21.78 7.89 9.35 6.80 5.42 5.22 4.66 5.20 6.69 6.66 4.84 0.00 2.00
Hudson Plains Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 0.00 0.00
Other hardwoods - 100.00 - - - 100.00 - - - - - - 83.12
Unspecified conifers - - 99.99 - - - - - - - - - 99.99
Cedar & other conifers - - 100.05 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 - - - - 46.04
Birch 49.80 64.48 71.98 77.59 100.00 60.63 - - - - - - 36.68
Fir 100.00 36.66 37.41 52.61 99.99 71.46 - - - - - - 22.79
Poplar 56.50 55.86 36.63 67.00 45.70 55.05 49.27 - - - - - 22.73
Pine 34.91 23.11 28.65 65.57 71.21 56.01 - - - - - - 19.70
Larch 58.09 18.99 14.61 24.79 29.71 47.15 31.11 37.17 87.92 99.99 - - 12.87
Spruce 47.14 15.20 10.43 11.57 18.98 7.93 7.58 25.59 80.12 99.99 - - 4.28
Subtotal 22.80 11.28 8.83 10.58 15.45 7.74 7.51 21.21 60.90 77.14 - 0.00 3.92
Canada Unclassified 38.34 22.57 71.45 57.01 70.42 87.04 96.68 99.98 99.98 - - 0.00 21.44
Unspecified hardwoods 8.11 11.70 17.49 48.28 23.50 65.35 99.49 - - - - 0.00 6.03
Other hardwoods 19.66 14.48 12.53 11.51 13.76 23.74 39.95 41.73 73.42 95.35 53.00 0.00 6.28
Unspecified conifers 6.86 7.45 17.03 31.51 28.17 - - - - - - 0.00 4.84
Larch 16.88 6.27 5.49 5.47 7.36 8.39 9.88 14.36 23.06 34.44 27.41 0.00 2.95
Maple 14.63 8.09 5.71 5.96 6.43 11.61 26.63 34.08 77.46 - 81.23 0.00 3.18
Cedar & other conifers 29.24 16.70 15.63 12.98 9.90 12.66 16.51 29.61 24.74 22.24 8.22 - 6.33
Birch 6.78 5.08 5.08 4.89 5.22 10.70 14.76 27.14 38.58 55.25 62.67 0.00 2.45
Douglas-fir 25.96 24.97 20.31 20.61 13.10 11.28 11.81 12.19 14.43 16.87 13.72 - 4.92
Hemlock 23.28 16.94 15.94 20.54 17.55 17.06 14.78 21.60 16.10 23.67 6.13 - 4.80
Fir 9.80 4.88 4.25 5.22 4.65 8.08 7.32 9.03 10.49 10.61 6.70 0.00 2.62
Pine 5.94 3.82 4.51 4.52 4.73 5.52 6.20 8.74 13.77 17.21 13.12 0.00 1.94
Poplar 5.57 3.88 4.09 3.58 3.59 5.98 9.14 14.81 31.44 32.32 33.73 0.00 1.81
Spruce 7.23 3.56 2.66 2.23 2.07 1.94 2.08 3.42 6.69 9.04 6.02 0.00 0.92
Total 2.61 1.72 1.66 1.59 1.50 1.64 1.87 2.87 4.63 5.52 3.24 0.00 0.71
Source: Canada's National Forest Inventory, combined remeasured (2007-2017) and projected (2006-2017 with NFI projection system) data (Version 3.1, October 2025) (http://nfi.nfis.org)
Note: The Arctic ecozones (Arctic Cordillera, Northern Arctic, Southern Arctic), and the Taiga Plains and Hudson Plains ecozones located in Nunavut, are not inventoried. These non-inventoried areas total 262,189.89 thousand ha.
1 Missing or unknown age class.