Table 18C.1a. Relative standard errors (%) for annual change in total above-ground biomass on forest land by species group, age class and terrestrial ecozone in Canada.
Terrestrial ecozone Species group Age (years) Total
1-20 21-40 41-60 61-80 81-100 101-120 121-140 141-160 161-180 181-200 201+ Other1
Taiga Plains Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 62.50 62.50
Fir - 100.00 75.17 69.32 80.05 98.57 99.99 - - - - - 64.63
Larch 38.51 30.27 21.90 21.91 22.01 28.71 44.28 93.08 200.0* 57.87 87.30 - 11.86
Spruce 34.59 18.02 13.75 13.08 2.18 2.58 37.44 53.77 30.74 43.61 52.02 - 1.67
Birch 28.92 36.83 86.28 32.29 35.53 73.35 44.97 54.45 54.73 - - - 18.23
Pine 28.69 21.84 37.22 26.41 25.00 94.36 200.0* 80.51 92.83 99.99 99.99 - 17.70
Poplar 47.22 29.55 15.34 9.03 11.60 53.18 34.65 35.35 70.33 - - - 6.74
Subtotal 20.81 12.83 10.62 7.06 2.17 2.65 24.07 28.10 26.85 41.23 45.08 62.50 1.64
Taiga Shield Spruce 42.38 17.72 11.39 7.57 13.89 5.06 2.60 4.03 41.16 63.31 21.69 - 1.95
Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 16.54 16.54
Other hardwoods - 99.99 99.99 82.16 45.21 48.99 99.99 - - - - - 38.51
Maple - - - 100.03 91.45 - - - - - - - 85.26
Fir - 46.53 71.09 37.32 38.32 12.87 17.77 81.58 85.21 - - - 10.40
Birch 29.30 33.71 37.09 62.34 27.37 26.61 - - - - - - 13.31
Larch 53.66 22.65 15.49 19.67 40.71 30.03 33.17 58.70 59.55 74.18 69.66 - 13.09
Poplar 41.92 36.29 51.20 35.33 8.45 8.51 82.63 - - - - - 5.91
Pine 35.69 19.38 29.17 27.59 30.77 31.04 36.55 - - - - - 11.83
Subtotal 21.16 11.80 9.87 7.06 11.46 4.70 2.59 4.02 34.27 61.61 21.58 16.54 1.88
Boreal Shield Spruce 18.32 12.75 13.52 15.07 5.27 5.57 5.39 13.04 49.29 42.83 72.94 28.65 2.93
Poplar 21.07 32.89 30.93 11.27 10.80 35.11 44.73 73.30 66.23 78.49 99.99 78.09 7.06
Birch 49.34 38.09 17.15 19.22 36.66 28.86 19.58 86.77 57.44 54.60 100.00 64.03 10.11
Pine 17.91 12.07 37.02 21.71 10.58 17.19 31.51 108.16 200.0* 84.30 - 100.00 6.91
Unspecified conifers 12.52 105.30 42.73 48.52 42.11 - - - - - - 100.00 14.16
Unclassified 15.46 30.43 0.00 100.04 100.01 5.57 100.04 - - - - 13.87 10.44
Hemlock - 81.66 119.46 200.0* 47.94 44.25 125.30 99.40 159.75 98.18 66.30 - 31.98
Cedar & other conifers 182.03 41.01 166.37 71.02 200.0* 51.96 94.43 46.51 106.43 97.47 - - 32.03
Other hardwoods 47.26 47.33 65.78 45.30 31.48 66.95 53.80 61.73 119.47 - - 72.68 20.42
Unspecified hardwoods 42.75 26.16 28.63 46.12 28.49 100.00 100.00 - - - - - 18.44
Larch 13.40 17.01 18.82 17.48 38.57 41.30 39.88 63.35 200.0* 82.11 - 53.14 8.23
Maple 65.21 33.61 16.50 14.87 90.47 18.96 22.40 30.60 200.0* 100.00 100.00 - 9.20
Fir 24.20 11.51 11.39 17.40 13.27 127.83 23.10 51.66 200.0* 90.23 108.10 45.71 6.38
Subtotal 6.64 6.90 6.96 6.49 4.23 4.97 4.87 11.14 41.55 36.69 38.75 12.93 2.15
Atlantic Maritime Other hardwoods 13.07 23.57 40.94 62.17 54.22 86.00 - - - - - - 10.84
Cedar & other conifers 54.97 40.45 24.81 85.16 55.37 93.98 44.71 97.11 - - - - 19.68
Unclassified 83.92 54.51 75.16 74.03 100.57 100.57 - - - - - 24.50 27.03
Hemlock 71.49 52.77 88.94 41.72 110.44 74.43 100.26 98.91 - - - - 36.44
Poplar 18.87 59.65 21.73 50.45 23.42 29.63 - 63.18 - 98.91 - - 13.58
Unspecified hardwoods 33.59 49.55 41.86 66.26 48.55 99.95 - - - - - 100.51 21.86
Larch 79.57 28.63 38.28 32.02 27.90 54.59 99.99 99.61 - - - - 15.28
Pine 41.07 30.73 67.16 80.24 64.05 50.24 46.25 - - - - - 22.93
Unspecified conifers 32.90 38.79 22.32 46.50 41.78 - - - - - - 75.80 18.54
Fir 35.25 24.98 29.29 18.18 29.35 22.41 134.96 40.25 - - - - 10.77
Birch 35.92 22.59 46.54 28.05 39.69 23.22 99.99 - - - - - 13.91
Spruce 50.19 17.49 13.51 12.90 20.13 25.99 40.94 42.95 132.83 98.91 - 99.95 7.18
Maple 35.78 36.94 15.69 16.46 17.70 19.45 47.36 99.60 99.99 - 99.99 100.51 8.21
Subtotal 10.60 9.88 8.45 8.32 10.29 10.63 25.37 39.50 81.58 73.28 99.99 24.31 3.98
Mixedwood Plains Fir 70.27 28.24 43.03 61.55 185.80 71.60 99.99 - - - - - 21.51
Poplar 25.80 15.36 78.73 34.67 81.27 63.01 99.99 - - - - - 18.62
Hemlock - 99.99 75.62 64.02 101.95 67.48 99.99 - - - - - 41.28
Unspecified conifers 200.0* 54.00 41.24 87.82 - - - - - - - - 46.28
Unclassified 56.05 42.90 - - - - - - - - - 34.16 25.61
Birch 41.39 96.89 63.92 46.13 172.41 76.33 99.99 - - - - - 34.58
Spruce 60.85 70.39 88.37 38.51 57.05 99.93 84.33 - - - - - 28.62
Larch 66.08 55.09 38.46 178.35 50.69 - - - - - - - 31.61
Pine 49.12 115.85 68.88 44.72 47.43 67.79 99.99 99.99 - - - - 27.93
Cedar & other conifers 36.42 90.60 58.71 30.22 51.20 73.12 129.06 69.12 - - - - 22.39
Unspecified hardwoods 42.19 29.39 32.61 69.31 40.51 - - - - - - - 19.73
Other hardwoods 37.32 12.99 51.04 40.35 25.94 79.60 54.45 - - - - - 16.39
Maple 36.27 16.66 38.69 96.93 30.30 46.88 58.29 47.40 99.99 - - - 18.42
Subtotal 17.22 9.88 16.95 21.44 18.03 30.09 39.79 48.68 99.99 - - 34.16 7.75
Boreal Plains Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 15.88 15.88
Fir 104.95 146.02 200.0* 131.42 200.0* 61.85 87.09 86.70 124.46 200.0* 200.0* - 48.49
Other hardwoods 80.87 53.18 180.38 78.89 100.00 100.00 - 100.00 100.00 - - - 43.22
Unspecified hardwoods - 100.00 - - - - - - - - - - 100.00
Cedar & other conifers 73.42 100.00 100.00 - - - - 100.00 - - - - 79.43
Maple 83.79 43.18 96.41 57.11 100.00 100.00 - - - - - - 57.31
Birch 46.80 53.22 49.79 26.58 29.51 56.74 95.56 71.90 - - - 100.00 18.97
Pine 40.35 33.52 23.75 39.06 37.41 73.78 32.13 92.19 52.84 64.82 100.00 86.34 14.60
Larch 80.24 47.26 34.13 21.61 16.90 16.06 20.33 24.83 27.02 84.91 71.71 - 8.34
Spruce 32.55 28.17 17.98 12.58 10.81 16.56 22.37 28.33 49.61 168.64 97.27 - 6.22
Poplar 22.94 53.60 9.62 10.85 18.09 18.74 21.94 33.32 64.81 74.85 - 100.00 5.93
Subtotal 16.61 20.91 7.82 7.81 9.14 12.44 13.34 20.43 31.33 107.83 85.96 15.83 3.95
Prairies Poplar 14.74 11.34 27.46 14.49 14.42 82.17 - 100.00 - - - - 7.62
Spruce 47.23 90.76 117.20 45.96 43.03 85.66 99.99 95.95 - - - - 43.22
Fir 100.00 100.00 - 100.00 - - - - - - - - 74.39
Other hardwoods 77.34 71.20 99.98 - - - - - - - - - 71.89
Larch - 63.58 100.00 99.99 99.99 - - - - - - - 46.38
Douglas-fir - - 99.99 99.99 100.22 - - - - - - - 83.49
Birch 54.70 43.67 76.64 99.99 - - - - - - - - 32.33
Maple 32.48 46.30 78.43 97.38 - - - - - - - - 40.05
Pine 76.64 93.62 80.96 93.09 106.15 99.99 - - - - - - 48.65
Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 28.07 28.07
Subtotal 14.48 11.22 25.96 13.80 14.18 64.47 99.99 94.94 - - - 28.07 7.37
Taiga Cordillera Birch 200.0* 116.78 200.0* 16.36 17.05 77.26 - - - - - - 11.72
Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 0.00 0.00
Pine - 68.22 72.39 200.0* 83.44 99.99 - - - - - - 53.03
Larch 99.93 46.12 56.87 - - 92.13 - 99.93 - - - - 69.65
Poplar 88.37 104.62 75.93 - 99.99 96.09 99.99 - - - - - 44.89
Fir - 58.67 46.99 200.0* 66.81 65.58 111.55 53.14 99.99 - - - 32.26
Spruce 104.26 25.85 101.56 24.37 61.84 5.69 6.11 84.83 57.40 99.99 - - 4.08
Subtotal 93.64 24.77 63.75 15.97 21.45 5.66 6.10 47.11 57.37 99.99 - 0.00 3.97
Boreal Cordillera Fir 84.02 119.75 111.42 51.21 36.37 80.56 46.32 27.56 77.20 62.93 15.50 - 12.11
Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 48.59 48.59
Larch 78.17 75.62 59.62 53.38 42.55 51.45 49.73 80.87 - - - - 20.91
Birch 50.65 33.71 45.22 103.25 114.76 51.42 96.57 65.49 100.00 - - - 33.45
Poplar 52.99 18.15 200.0* 35.63 18.44 32.34 65.01 63.98 193.47 100.00 200.0* - 17.10
Pine 146.27 38.26 200.0* 25.94 21.57 24.67 30.64 112.16 129.47 104.84 66.41 - 13.17
Spruce 109.70 24.56 86.73 53.56 14.38 17.16 18.55 17.93 45.30 85.17 51.72 - 8.17
Subtotal 34.89 16.60 97.57 20.26 10.52 12.91 14.52 15.91 38.66 48.56 17.10 48.59 5.79
Pacific Maritime Fir 124.00 200.0* 184.86 54.77 86.10 64.56 61.03 99.52 200.0* 118.37 91.63 - 41.99
Pine 61.99 66.94 48.53 200.0* 200.0* 90.80 175.23 114.27 200.0* 156.53 101.95 - 48.03
Spruce 55.23 167.93 50.76 115.83 129.92 116.93 161.02 200.0* 89.20 65.80 138.55 - 42.32
Unclassified - - 100.00 - - - - - - - - 23.89 23.80
Unspecified hardwoods 99.99 - - 99.99 - - - - - - - - 81.03
Maple 99.99 193.79 200.0* 99.08 90.25 92.82 99.99 - - - 84.89 - 60.17
Birch 105.34 72.37 114.60 200.0* 72.74 87.88 119.24 99.29 - - 99.99 - 48.90
Other hardwoods 78.73 200.0* 75.91 133.35 37.24 49.35 171.88 94.60 99.99 99.99 43.11 - 30.95
Poplar - 90.02 100.42 89.92 95.77 38.21 87.39 104.48 70.97 114.56 63.57 - 25.44
Hemlock 67.33 74.10 63.68 170.76 54.70 61.60 83.48 200.0* 55.04 119.74 72.98 - 26.88
Douglas-fir 58.57 200.0* 164.22 200.0* 85.38 188.18 200.0* 99.03 65.63 73.73 200.0* - 55.38
Cedar & other conifers 200.0* 69.77 184.49 61.64 83.94 152.26 179.94 64.96 100.30 140.79 65.99 - 38.21
Subtotal 38.21 62.67 49.26 82.47 32.08 36.18 52.25 50.25 37.33 40.90 38.62 23.89 15.30
Montane Cordillera Pine 56.87 42.45 81.83 20.58 85.52 44.22 37.28 200.0* 56.42 61.69 58.76 - 17.24
Douglas-fir 56.40 31.26 60.46 20.65 58.56 200.0* 138.88 27.08 199.11 200.0* 104.42 - 20.42
Larch 200.0* 115.54 80.77 48.58 200.0* 200.0* 200.0* 200.0* 53.35 187.17 126.49 - 50.10
Hemlock 92.18 101.17 153.61 182.76 176.50 111.26 65.80 200.0* 200.0* 200.0* 130.08 - 69.26
Other hardwoods - 100.00 93.72 - - - - 99.94 99.94 99.94 - - 58.82
Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 200.0* 200.0*
Spruce 80.07 87.58 28.61 200.0* 69.98 114.35 94.52 51.26 200.0* 31.85 200.0* - 25.37
Cedar & other conifers 74.03 98.65 60.25 200.0* 200.0* 192.57 56.05 200.0* 139.55 98.39 63.13 - 40.11
Birch 200.0* 48.73 60.32 107.95 200.0* 62.73 66.89 53.43 100.00 100.00 100.00 - 34.58
Fir 124.30 53.50 84.33 82.74 89.90 60.91 81.33 39.38 33.28 200.0* 78.14 - 22.33
Poplar 75.49 33.73 28.44 48.60 36.47 54.05 60.25 28.30 58.91 89.14 53.82 - 18.28
Subtotal 31.42 18.82 20.68 14.22 29.78 30.79 28.49 24.96 32.10 29.86 41.30 200.0* 8.94
Hudson Plains Spruce 57.38 25.15 19.59 34.16 8.31 7.46 7.72 92.32 90.06 99.99 - - 4.39
Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 41.78 41.78
Cedar & other conifers - - 100.05 - - - 104.04 - - - - - 76.19
Unspecified conifers - 99.99 99.99 - - - - - - - - - 73.82
Poplar 100.41 46.90 48.70 53.44 44.49 52.45 42.71 - - - - - 28.54
Fir - 58.60 55.41 111.13 99.98 71.45 - - - - - - 34.34
Birch 76.89 86.90 100.00 65.72 - 73.14 - - - - - - 46.29
Pine 73.91 52.58 132.01 108.00 86.09 63.37 - - - - - - 36.45
Larch 97.28 41.63 22.14 35.90 55.18 75.85 52.55 200.0* 100.00 99.99 - - 23.84
Subtotal 40.30 21.04 16.88 26.33 8.13 7.38 7.69 91.89 84.49 71.88 - 41.78 4.24
Canada Spruce 13.24 7.73 7.00 6.25 2.13 2.03 2.25 4.34 26.81 25.05 39.35 28.64 1.17
Pine 13.58 9.47 18.81 11.46 12.16 17.16 19.95 80.10 43.34 48.82 42.16 70.12 5.96
Unclassified 15.13 22.88 64.62 68.32 96.03 100.57 100.04 - - - - 8.74 7.81
Unspecified conifers 11.72 50.03 25.96 37.68 29.66 - - - - - - 60.41 11.39
Birch 21.17 18.25 14.51 12.89 21.24 17.78 17.20 39.93 46.58 53.12 63.42 62.51 6.74
Douglas-fir 45.01 53.86 84.23 40.97 48.32 200.0* 130.25 26.38 71.63 106.61 115.97 - 20.97
Hemlock 60.94 63.70 49.02 103.29 43.89 46.94 56.52 200.0* 65.88 168.42 63.11 - 22.53
Other hardwoods 12.41 16.79 39.18 30.68 18.50 37.25 40.93 46.22 67.70 94.33 43.11 72.68 10.53
Unspecified hardwoods 30.23 20.92 19.21 52.78 22.99 72.35 100.00 - - - - 100.51 12.75
Cedar & other conifers 59.41 28.67 40.75 32.49 53.20 48.33 50.92 44.71 75.43 81.49 48.15 - 19.81
Larch 12.93 11.64 12.63 14.35 21.29 24.86 30.64 46.76 29.55 69.81 97.96 53.14 6.98
Maple 27.35 18.48 10.92 11.25 22.54 13.88 20.69 28.94 200.0* 100.00 66.53 100.51 6.09
Poplar 11.64 12.26 7.63 5.66 6.28 12.04 16.59 18.28 36.25 53.61 47.82 74.74 3.23
Fir 19.36 10.38 10.75 13.17 11.52 21.38 21.28 23.87 31.73 147.07 27.65 45.71 5.92
Total 4.87 4.55 4.13 3.48 2.05 2.06 2.41 4.63 16.04 20.60 18.37 8.45 1.10
Source: Canada's National Forest Inventory, combined remeasured (2007-2017) and projected (2006-2017 with NFI projection system) data, where plots with strong indicators of artificial change are removed. Artificial change between successive plot measurements can be caused by using different image sources, incorporating vintage baseline inventories, and updating photo-interpretation techniques (Version 3.1, November 2025) (http://nfi.nfis.org)
Note: The Arctic ecozones (Arctic Cordillera, Northern Arctic, Southern Arctic), and the Taiga Plains and Hudson Plains ecozones located in Nunavut, are not inventoried. These non-inventoried areas total 262,189.89 thousand ha.
1 Missing or unknown age class.
* When the calculated RSE value is inflated, usually due to the associated change estimate being small (near 0), a cap of 200% is substituted for presentation purposes.