Table 18.1. Total above-ground biomass (million tonnes) on forest land by species group, age class and terrestrial ecozone in Canada.
Terrestrial ecozone Species group Age (years) Total
1-20 21-40 41-60 61-80 81-100 101-120 121-140 141-160 161-180 181-200 201+ Other1
Taiga Plains Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 0.15 0.15
Fir - 0.04 0.37 0.22 0.46 2.07 <0.01 - - - - - 3.16
Larch 0.56 2.04 4.56 6.43 7.04 5.53 3.62 1.75 0.26 0.29 0.87 - 32.94
Birch 2.54 7.14 15.85 17.72 11.25 7.43 5.24 1.47 0.32 - 0.64 - 69.59
Pine 1.49 9.16 18.20 36.39 16.34 11.58 17.32 10.21 1.16 0.02 0.55 - 122.42
Poplar 2.96 13.73 26.48 110.41 194.89 65.19 60.89 27.55 5.21 0.72 - - 508.02
Spruce 2.19 12.61 40.60 79.28 114.17 1 706.97 84.98 59.26 31.82 7.49 4.21 - 2 143.59
Subtotal 9.75 44.72 106.05 250.45 344.15 1 798.76 172.04 100.23 38.77 8.52 6.27 0.15 2 879.87
Taiga Shield Maple - - - <0.01 0.00 - - - - - - - <0.01
Unspecified conifers - - 0.01 - - - - - - - - - 0.01
Other hardwoods - - 0.01 0.06 0.59 1.04 0.01 - - - - - 1.70
Birch 2.05 1.72 1.03 0.53 0.47 1.69 0.04 - - - - - 7.53
Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 11.78 11.78
Fir 0.01 0.19 1.50 0.11 2.69 0.23 7.89 0.97 0.22 - - - 13.80
Larch 0.61 1.81 4.31 4.52 5.20 2.51 2.60 1.65 0.13 0.13 0.20 - 23.68
Poplar 0.86 3.22 3.88 3.46 1.48 37.05 0.12 - - - - - 50.07
Pine 6.54 16.50 13.61 11.92 6.08 0.94 0.56 0.01 - - - - 56.17
Spruce 2.16 28.55 97.13 76.75 231.90 346.39 681.52 623.22 1.37 2.35 35.84 - 2 127.18
Subtotal 12.23 52.01 121.47 97.34 248.41 389.85 692.74 625.86 1.72 2.48 36.04 11.78 2 291.91
Boreal Shield Hemlock - 0.04 1.30 3.35 8.86 1.24 3.50 0.46 0.08 - - - 18.83
Unclassified 2.74 2.55 0.11 0.11 0.07 0.03 0.07 0.10 0.03 - - 45.76 51.55
Other hardwoods 0.44 2.23 14.14 15.97 15.27 5.41 1.01 0.69 0.07 - - 0.03 55.25
Cedar & other conifers 0.06 0.91 6.99 9.29 19.32 10.79 5.27 1.85 1.01 - - - 55.48
Unspecified hardwoods 36.07 16.37 6.16 0.23 5.01 0.07 0.11 - - - - - 64.03
Larch 6.44 9.73 18.51 21.31 14.61 11.99 10.55 3.04 0.39 0.13 - 0.11 96.81
Unspecified conifers 52.61 63.98 13.18 1.35 0.48 - - - - - - 0.01 131.62
Maple 1.64 20.82 144.21 183.06 214.94 45.24 8.68 2.45 3.02 - - - 624.07
Fir 14.79 108.96 171.77 119.43 188.09 35.21 32.93 9.64 3.11 0.21 0.77 0.03 684.95
Birch 12.45 78.66 164.81 197.48 210.90 50.13 10.55 2.48 0.03 0.51 - 0.02 728.02
Pine 43.60 173.99 181.99 230.05 165.92 58.68 37.34 8.63 1.08 0.07 - 0.01 901.35
Poplar 34.30 109.95 209.01 319.21 285.58 32.87 9.30 1.33 - 1.17 0.39 <0.01 1 003.12
Spruce 29.70 258.25 569.60 903.33 1 068.47 761.82 735.72 100.40 25.81 3.50 1.65 0.50 4 458.77
Subtotal 234.84 846.46 1 501.79 2 004.16 2 197.52 1 013.49 855.02 131.07 34.63 5.59 2.81 46.48 8 873.86
Atlantic Maritime Hemlock <0.01 0.36 0.86 1.45 0.97 0.80 0.04 0.02 - - - - 4.49
Unclassified 1.02 0.27 0.03 0.14 0.07 0.12 - - - - - 5.06 6.70
Other hardwoods 0.83 6.61 0.58 1.06 0.55 <0.01 - - - - - - 9.64
Larch 0.46 2.06 4.52 3.32 1.60 0.20 0.03 - - - - - 12.19
Unspecified hardwoods 5.41 4.15 2.84 2.12 0.33 0.05 - - - - - <0.01 14.90
Cedar & other conifers 1.22 2.50 2.50 4.12 8.38 9.74 3.46 0.34 - - - - 32.26
Pine 1.25 6.39 5.38 8.67 7.03 4.98 0.41 - - - - - 34.12
Unspecified conifers 16.96 17.13 5.14 3.22 0.45 - - - - - - 0.02 42.92
Poplar 3.38 14.65 30.21 33.52 17.12 3.71 - 0.09 - - - - 102.68
Birch 4.28 22.53 30.98 37.65 21.05 10.14 0.09 - - - - - 126.71
Fir 9.63 57.38 90.81 115.36 60.91 20.85 0.77 1.07 - - - - 356.78
Spruce 8.62 42.45 83.13 116.36 80.61 26.94 5.77 0.46 0.05 0.11 - 0.00 364.51
Maple 8.03 20.31 84.61 128.91 91.19 29.31 1.26 1.41 0.19 - 0.04 <0.01 365.24
Subtotal 61.09 196.78 341.60 455.89 290.27 106.84 11.82 3.39 0.23 0.11 0.04 5.08 1 473.15
Mixedwood Plains Unclassified 0.29 0.74 - - - - - - - - - 1.27 2.29
Unspecified conifers 1.02 1.04 0.31 0.02 - - - - - - - - 2.40
Larch 0.09 0.46 2.89 0.26 0.27 - - - - - - - 3.98
Hemlock - - 0.53 1.22 1.93 0.49 - - - - - - 4.17
Spruce 0.21 1.28 2.38 1.89 0.46 - 0.03 - - - - - 6.25
Birch 0.47 2.65 2.79 0.80 0.90 0.17 <0.01 - - - - - 7.78
Unspecified hardwoods 1.16 1.49 5.10 0.36 1.36 0.16 - - - - - - 9.64
Fir 0.08 1.01 8.35 2.35 0.30 0.32 0.20 - - - - - 12.60
Pine 0.54 4.53 7.34 4.87 1.40 0.38 0.34 0.10 - - - - 19.49
Cedar & other conifers 0.10 2.64 10.60 9.71 4.12 0.78 0.33 0.71 - - - - 28.99
Poplar 0.22 4.76 15.11 10.35 3.08 1.66 0.08 - - - - - 35.25
Other hardwoods 0.17 0.97 10.16 20.41 11.66 1.31 0.64 - - - - - 45.31
Maple 0.77 3.77 47.41 45.86 39.10 8.88 2.63 0.76 0.21 - - - 149.40
Subtotal 5.11 25.35 112.97 98.11 64.56 14.15 4.24 1.58 0.21 - - 1.27 327.56
Boreal Plains Unspecified hardwoods - <0.01 - - - - - - - - - - <0.01
Cedar & other conifers <0.01 <0.01 0.01 - - - - 0.08 - - - - 0.09
Other hardwoods <0.01 0.12 0.18 0.36 - <0.01 - - 0.01 - - - 0.67
Maple 0.03 0.49 1.28 0.55 0.03 - - - - - - - 2.39
Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 9.61 9.61
Fir 0.00 1.30 1.71 1.86 1.82 0.50 1.21 0.19 0.71 0.44 0.86 - 10.60
Birch 1.83 10.71 24.96 21.26 6.11 2.69 0.16 0.03 - - - 0.00 67.75
Larch 1.21 4.77 19.45 34.41 29.35 26.11 13.42 3.98 1.40 0.14 0.21 - 134.45
Pine 17.87 54.61 47.30 133.24 89.03 93.86 58.61 18.13 10.75 0.03 0.07 0.03 523.52
Spruce 11.21 41.70 143.36 466.32 338.75 267.64 192.18 103.66 37.27 9.34 11.20 - 1 622.63
Poplar 52.50 119.31 219.05 584.34 397.61 231.44 93.98 19.70 2.41 0.14 - 0.00 1 720.47
Subtotal 84.64 233.02 457.31 1 242.35 862.71 622.24 359.56 145.77 52.53 10.09 12.34 9.64 4 092.20
Prairies Fir 0.00 <0.01 - 0.01 - - - - - - - - 0.01
Other hardwoods <0.01 <0.01 0.01 - - - - - - - - - 0.02
Larch - 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 - - - - - - - 0.02
Douglas-fir - - 0.01 0.04 <0.01 - - - - - - - 0.05
Maple 0.05 0.06 0.10 <0.01 - - - - - - - - 0.20
Birch 0.09 0.07 0.05 - - - - - - - - - 0.21
Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 2.05 2.05
Pine 0.01 0.08 0.88 0.02 0.00 1.12 - - - - - - 2.10
Spruce 0.03 0.19 0.39 0.23 0.56 0.51 0.17 0.28 - - - - 2.34
Poplar 10.34 36.49 12.83 3.56 1.95 0.48 - 0.01 - - - - 65.67
Subtotal 10.52 36.89 14.26 3.88 2.52 2.11 0.17 0.29 - - - 2.05 72.68
Taiga Cordillera Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 0.00 0.00
Larch 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.32 0.39 0.05 0.08 0.35 0.07 - - - 1.31
Poplar 0.10 0.21 0.39 0.36 0.01 0.31 0.03 - - - - - 1.41
Pine - 0.04 0.10 0.85 1.82 0.80 0.70 - - - - - 4.31
Birch 0.04 0.18 0.03 0.09 7.32 0.08 - - - - - - 7.74
Fir - 0.04 0.03 2.18 3.17 5.25 5.21 4.92 0.46 - - - 21.26
Spruce 0.14 2.86 13.23 18.70 12.47 9.22 396.77 7.00 4.35 0.29 - - 465.03
Subtotal 0.28 3.35 13.82 22.50 25.18 15.71 402.80 12.27 4.88 0.29 - 0.00 501.06
Boreal Cordillera Unclassified - - - - <0.01 - - - - - - 0.13 0.13
Larch 0.06 0.12 0.15 0.31 0.39 0.32 0.31 0.10 - - - - 1.76
Birch 0.16 0.65 2.02 5.17 2.33 3.71 0.26 0.42 0.05 - - - 14.77
Poplar 0.72 3.08 15.41 35.63 22.87 29.65 17.33 9.56 1.07 1.06 3.20 - 139.58
Fir 0.03 0.18 1.64 7.85 12.08 26.35 26.54 19.94 17.05 6.46 37.93 - 156.05
Pine 0.59 4.59 34.07 44.19 48.85 89.61 86.12 46.33 24.46 6.75 27.60 - 413.15
Spruce 1.25 4.40 23.66 47.79 95.24 237.86 162.30 119.59 89.93 15.91 122.07 - 920.00
Subtotal 2.81 13.03 76.95 140.93 181.75 387.49 292.87 195.93 132.56 30.18 190.81 0.13 1 645.43
Pacific Maritime Unspecified hardwoods <0.01 - - 0.01 - - - - - - - - 0.01
Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 1.63 1.63
Birch 0.02 0.77 0.28 2.33 2.37 1.98 1.19 0.51 - - 0.41 - 9.87
Maple 0.01 0.19 1.92 2.55 5.31 0.01 0.11 - - - 0.43 - 10.54
Pine 0.01 1.72 0.10 1.63 3.89 9.97 5.36 5.11 0.23 2.01 5.49 - 35.53
Poplar - 0.14 1.24 3.89 7.92 16.61 4.18 3.99 0.29 3.53 5.04 - 46.83
Other hardwoods 0.29 3.63 21.45 16.03 9.21 5.35 0.98 0.08 0.01 1.07 4.16 - 62.26
Spruce - 2.85 18.11 0.43 7.41 1.51 1.40 1.39 4.16 2.81 48.65 - 88.72
Fir 0.88 8.84 7.61 4.44 1.75 5.26 8.04 8.37 7.67 6.17 296.68 - 355.70
Douglas-fir 2.11 14.41 65.00 91.35 47.34 45.77 38.48 13.80 10.73 12.60 84.63 - 426.23
Cedar & other conifers 1.07 4.86 10.69 8.39 6.10 6.83 2.80 9.02 11.15 18.90 529.18 - 608.97
Hemlock 6.25 43.61 79.71 72.80 62.77 29.00 32.33 17.87 29.00 12.12 1 068.57 - 1 454.02
Subtotal 10.64 81.02 206.11 203.85 154.06 122.30 94.89 60.14 63.25 59.20 2 043.22 1.63 3 100.32
Montane Cordillera Other hardwoods - - <0.01 - - - - 0.31 - 0.07 - - 0.38
Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 12.36 12.36
Birch 0.54 4.12 11.65 8.17 11.47 9.31 5.47 4.13 0.17 0.23 0.09 - 55.34
Larch 0.20 0.53 1.12 5.00 18.61 15.52 10.83 6.11 3.50 1.87 12.14 - 75.42
Cedar & other conifers 0.06 2.25 5.96 2.69 4.14 5.42 4.72 3.25 2.47 2.86 98.67 - 132.48
Poplar 0.23 10.63 19.42 29.64 76.29 52.04 39.97 21.19 1.99 3.81 3.40 - 258.59
Hemlock 0.14 0.64 7.30 6.87 16.37 14.89 14.91 11.62 11.28 11.96 168.03 - 263.99
Douglas-fir 0.59 7.19 17.14 22.63 98.77 138.56 154.68 131.90 39.85 30.16 127.58 - 769.06
Fir 0.27 3.93 16.83 22.26 38.97 60.91 81.91 111.59 114.87 93.06 410.93 - 955.54
Pine 8.59 62.74 37.04 87.67 253.96 218.19 216.64 151.73 64.39 36.04 74.23 - 1 211.23
Spruce 1.88 13.36 31.32 41.62 78.07 115.17 173.46 189.56 107.19 76.82 407.03 - 1 235.47
Subtotal 12.50 105.38 147.80 226.54 596.64 630.01 702.58 631.39 345.70 256.87 1 302.10 12.36 4 969.86
Hudson Plains Other hardwoods - 0.01 - - - <0.01 - - - - - - 0.01
Unspecified conifers - - 0.07 - - - - - - - - - 0.07
Cedar & other conifers - - 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02 <0.01 0.03 - - - - 0.12
Birch 0.18 0.25 0.25 0.57 <0.01 0.11 - - - - - - 1.36
Fir <0.01 0.44 0.72 0.23 0.06 0.07 - - - - - - 1.52
Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 2.35 2.35
Poplar 0.14 0.49 1.27 0.99 1.14 0.46 0.03 - - - - - 4.54
Pine 0.51 3.36 1.02 1.93 1.18 0.28 - - - - - - 8.28
Larch 0.08 1.20 2.64 2.21 4.24 2.71 0.92 3.81 0.19 <0.01 - - 18.02
Spruce 0.11 14.56 28.04 30.54 23.88 63.29 88.04 12.17 0.40 <0.01 - - 261.04
Subtotal 1.02 20.32 34.04 36.49 30.53 66.95 88.99 16.02 0.59 <0.01 - 2.35 297.31
Canada Unspecified hardwoods 42.65 22.02 14.10 2.73 6.71 0.28 0.11 - - - - <0.01 88.59
Unclassified 4.04 3.56 0.14 0.25 0.13 0.14 0.07 0.10 0.03 - - 92.15 100.61
Other hardwoods 1.73 13.58 46.52 53.89 37.28 13.11 2.65 1.07 0.09 1.13 4.16 0.03 175.24
Unspecified conifers 70.59 82.16 18.72 4.60 0.93 - - - - - - 0.03 177.01
Larch 9.71 22.76 58.20 78.09 81.70 64.95 42.35 20.79 5.93 2.56 13.42 0.11 400.57
Cedar & other conifers 2.50 13.16 36.78 34.20 42.08 33.58 16.57 15.29 14.63 21.75 627.85 - 858.40
Birch 24.63 129.44 254.72 291.78 274.16 87.44 23.01 9.03 0.56 0.74 1.14 0.02 1 096.68
Maple 10.53 45.64 279.52 360.93 350.58 83.44 12.68 4.62 3.42 - 0.47 <0.01 1 151.84
Douglas-fir 2.71 21.60 82.15 114.02 146.11 184.34 193.16 145.70 50.58 42.77 212.20 - 1 195.34
Hemlock 6.39 44.65 89.71 85.68 90.89 46.41 50.78 29.97 40.36 24.07 1 236.60 - 1 745.50
Fir 25.69 182.31 301.34 276.30 310.30 157.00 164.70 156.69 144.10 106.34 747.17 0.03 2 571.97
Pine 80.99 337.73 347.01 561.42 595.50 490.40 423.40 240.26 102.07 44.91 107.95 0.03 3 331.67
Poplar 105.76 316.67 554.30 1 135.35 1 009.94 471.48 225.90 83.42 10.97 10.43 12.03 0.01 3 936.23
Spruce 57.51 423.05 1 050.96 1 783.24 2 051.99 3 537.32 2 522.34 1 217.00 302.34 118.63 630.65 0.50 13 695.53
Total 445.43 1 658.32 3 134.16 4 782.49 4 998.28 5 169.90 3 677.72 1 923.93 675.08 373.34 3 593.63 92.92 30 525.20
Source: Canada's National Forest Inventory, combined remeasured (2007-2017) and projected (2006-2017 with NFI projection system) data (Version 3.1, October 2025) (http://nfi.nfis.org)
Note: The Arctic ecozones (Arctic Cordillera, Northern Arctic, Southern Arctic), and the Taiga Plains and Hudson Plains ecozones located in Nunavut, are not inventoried. These non-inventoried areas total 262,189.89 thousand ha.
1 Missing or unknown age class.