Table 18.1b. Confidence interval (million tonnes) of total above-ground biomass on forest land by species group, age class and terrestrial ecozone in Canada.
Terrestrial ecozone Species group Age (years) Total
1-20 21-40 41-60 61-80 81-100 101-120 121-140 141-160 161-180 181-200 201+ Other1
Taiga Plains Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - ±0.08 ±0.08
Fir - ±0.07 ±0.55 ±0.30 ±0.72 ±3.68 ±0.01 - - - - - ±3.80
Larch ±0.47 ±0.76 ±1.67 ±1.92 ±2.17 ±1.77 ±1.97 ±1.49 ±0.27 ±0.34 ±1.11 - ±4.75
Birch ±1.06 ±3.52 ±6.70 ±6.12 ±4.35 ±5.23 ±3.75 ±1.55 ±0.33 - ±1.14 - ±12.65
Pine ±0.70 ±3.31 ±7.93 ±13.30 ±5.37 ±6.74 ±8.81 ±8.82 ±2.00 ±0.04 ±1.09 - ±22.05
Poplar ±1.56 ±4.56 ±8.63 ±29.27 ±29.77 ±19.97 ±23.91 ±14.94 ±5.67 ±1.06 - - ±55.38
Spruce ±1.12 ±3.21 ±8.08 ±11.08 ±17.15 ±98.66 ±16.12 ±16.24 ±11.49 ±5.70 ±2.88 - ±104.52
Subtotal ±2.35 ±7.42 ±15.83 ±34.60 ±35.12 ±101.10 ±30.45 ±23.86 ±12.97 ±5.81 ±3.46 ±0.08 ±121.14
Taiga Shield Maple - - - <0.01 0.00 - - - - - - - <0.01
Unspecified conifers - - ±0.02 - - - - - - - - - ±0.02
Other hardwoods - - ±0.01 ±0.06 ±0.35 ±0.40 ±0.03 - - - - - ±0.54
Birch ±0.90 ±0.86 ±0.55 ±0.40 ±0.34 ±0.86 ±0.09 - - - - - ±1.70
Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - ±1.09 ±1.09
Fir ±0.02 ±0.17 ±2.05 ±0.10 ±1.78 ±0.28 ±2.14 ±0.98 ±0.37 - - - ±3.63
Larch ±0.73 ±0.56 ±0.91 ±1.96 ±3.43 ±1.47 ±2.93 ±1.47 ±0.13 ±0.16 ±0.23 - ±5.50
Poplar ±0.70 ±1.73 ±3.46 ±2.08 ±1.60 ±6.11 ±0.18 - - - - - ±7.73
Pine ±2.38 ±4.97 ±5.16 ±4.02 ±3.05 ±0.73 ±0.39 ±0.03 - - - - ±9.12
Spruce ±1.11 ±6.90 ±16.61 ±14.39 ±30.91 ±35.03 ±44.50 ±51.53 ±0.91 ±2.79 ±14.39 - ±86.98
Subtotal ±2.96 ±8.74 ±17.88 ±15.22 ±31.34 ±35.61 ±44.65 ±51.56 ±0.99 ±2.79 ±14.40 ±1.09 ±88.07
Boreal Shield Hemlock - ±0.06 ±0.88 ±2.10 ±3.49 ±1.38 ±2.66 ±0.91 ±0.16 - - - ±5.21
Unclassified ±2.92 ±1.41 ±0.16 ±0.17 ±0.10 ±0.06 ±0.13 ±0.19 ±0.05 - - ±3.95 ±5.12
Other hardwoods ±0.29 ±0.93 ±4.34 ±5.13 ±5.57 ±3.16 ±0.93 ±0.63 ±0.10 - - ±0.05 ±9.41
Cedar & other conifers ±0.09 ±0.55 ±2.31 ±2.98 ±4.85 ±3.59 ±2.02 ±1.28 ±1.12 - - - ±7.61
Unspecified hardwoods ±6.78 ±4.92 ±3.36 ±0.21 ±2.81 ±0.14 ±0.20 - - - - - ±9.45
Larch ±2.80 ±1.95 ±3.41 ±3.90 ±3.29 ±2.81 ±2.97 ±1.28 ±0.57 ±0.21 - ±0.14 ±8.25
Unspecified conifers ±8.05 ±11.25 ±5.98 ±0.95 ±0.37 - - - - - - ±0.02 ±15.11
Maple ±0.98 ±5.93 ±25.45 ±36.64 ±37.51 ±15.25 ±6.13 ±2.02 ±5.05 - - - ±61.09
Fir ±4.06 ±14.32 ±19.57 ±15.89 ±19.63 ±10.73 ±8.01 ±6.86 ±3.20 ±0.26 ±1.35 ±0.04 ±38.48
Birch ±2.38 ±9.85 ±18.47 ±23.07 ±26.09 ±14.86 ±3.58 ±2.27 ±0.05 ±0.68 - ±0.02 ±43.55
Pine ±6.96 ±18.21 ±20.18 ±26.21 ±20.22 ±14.34 ±11.42 ±5.69 ±1.44 ±0.14 - ±0.01 ±47.47
Poplar ±5.37 ±12.27 ±20.73 ±34.23 ±33.42 ±10.58 ±4.71 ±0.91 - ±1.64 ±0.77 ±0.01 ±55.10
Spruce ±4.91 ±23.47 ±40.56 ±54.03 ±57.03 ±66.56 ±53.96 ±18.89 ±9.57 ±2.51 ±2.09 ±0.32 ±127.25
Subtotal ±15.86 ±39.09 ±62.75 ±83.43 ±85.65 ±73.14 ±56.57 ±21.23 ±11.44 ±3.09 ±2.60 ±3.96 ±170.82
Atlantic Maritime Hemlock <0.01 ±0.70 ±0.80 ±1.01 ±0.84 ±1.16 ±0.08 ±0.04 - - - - ±2.05
Unclassified ±0.75 ±0.28 ±0.04 ±0.21 ±0.13 ±0.23 - - - - - ±0.70 ±1.12
Other hardwoods ±0.51 ±1.92 ±0.57 ±0.81 ±0.54 <0.01 - - - - - - ±2.28
Larch ±0.34 ±0.95 ±1.48 ±1.43 ±0.88 ±0.22 ±0.06 - - - - - ±2.47
Unspecified hardwoods ±1.42 ±1.51 ±1.77 ±2.62 ±0.32 ±0.09 - - - - - <0.01 ±3.80
Cedar & other conifers ±1.08 ±1.72 ±1.16 ±1.79 ±2.53 ±3.71 ±2.20 ±0.54 - - - - ±5.83
Pine ±1.04 ±3.11 ±2.93 ±4.36 ±3.03 ±4.19 ±0.38 - - - - - ±8.08
Unspecified conifers ±4.72 ±4.41 ±2.22 ±2.71 ±0.37 - - - - - - ±0.03 ±7.36
Poplar ±1.11 ±3.92 ±6.79 ±7.38 ±6.53 ±2.15 - ±0.17 - - - - ±12.82
Birch ±1.70 ±6.06 ±7.98 ±10.01 ±5.87 ±4.38 ±0.17 - - - - - ±16.03
Fir ±3.08 ±9.23 ±11.57 ±19.41 ±15.51 ±7.08 ±0.62 ±0.84 - - - - ±29.95
Spruce ±2.50 ±7.98 ±11.68 ±13.47 ±13.09 ±7.36 ±4.00 ±0.38 ±0.09 ±0.22 - <0.01 ±25.09
Maple ±3.43 ±5.15 ±15.46 ±19.45 ±17.89 ±10.48 ±0.91 ±2.37 ±0.37 - ±0.08 <0.01 ±33.05
Subtotal ±7.69 ±16.34 ±25.30 ±33.63 ±28.75 ±16.45 ±4.72 ±2.61 ±0.38 ±0.22 ±0.08 ±0.70 ±56.78
Mixedwood Plains Unclassified ±0.36 ±0.63 - - - - - - - - - ±0.41 ±0.83
Unspecified conifers ±0.79 ±0.78 ±0.28 ±0.04 - - - - - - - - ±1.15
Larch ±0.10 ±0.38 ±2.30 ±0.25 ±0.26 - - - - - - - ±2.36
Hemlock - - ±0.48 ±1.61 ±1.24 ±0.65 - - - - - - ±2.19
Spruce ±0.21 ±0.59 ±0.99 ±1.09 ±0.43 - ±0.05 - - - - - ±1.66
Birch ±0.36 ±1.20 ±1.10 ±0.63 ±1.24 ±0.26 <0.01 - - - - - ±2.19
Unspecified hardwoods ±0.61 ±0.70 ±3.05 ±0.42 ±1.09 ±0.32 - - - - - - ±3.41
Fir ±0.09 ±0.74 ±4.44 ±1.78 ±0.45 ±0.51 ±0.39 - - - - - ±4.90
Pine ±0.78 ±2.00 ±2.89 ±2.26 ±1.16 ±0.60 ±0.47 ±0.20 - - - - ±4.47
Cedar & other conifers ±0.15 ±1.35 ±3.60 ±3.16 ±2.05 ±0.54 ±0.31 ±0.97 - - - - ±5.51
Poplar ±0.13 ±1.86 ±3.60 ±4.45 ±2.20 ±1.88 ±0.15 - - - - - ±6.68
Other hardwoods ±0.17 ±0.35 ±2.99 ±5.31 ±4.19 ±0.91 ±0.77 - - - - - ±7.50
Maple ±0.61 ±1.14 ±10.37 ±9.51 ±10.59 ±4.70 ±2.41 ±0.86 ±0.41 - - - ±18.45
Subtotal ±1.54 ±3.83 ±13.70 ±12.70 ±12.03 ±5.29 ±2.62 ±1.31 ±0.41 - - ±0.41 ±23.40
Boreal Plains Unspecified hardwoods - <0.01 - - - - - - - - - - <0.01
Cedar & other conifers <0.01 <0.01 ±0.02 - - - - ±0.11 - - - - ±0.11
Other hardwoods <0.01 ±0.09 ±0.19 ±0.65 - <0.01 - - ±0.01 - - - ±0.68
Maple ±0.07 ±0.42 ±2.29 ±0.57 ±0.07 - - - - - - - ±2.39
Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - ±1.58 ±1.58
Fir <0.01 ±1.27 ±1.16 ±1.64 ±2.10 ±0.43 ±1.58 ±0.36 ±1.39 ±0.86 ±1.44 - ±4.20
Birch ±0.98 ±4.12 ±8.20 ±6.42 ±3.40 ±2.51 ±0.17 ±0.04 - - - <0.01 ±12.01
Larch ±1.43 ±1.43 ±4.42 ±6.50 ±5.38 ±5.85 ±3.45 ±1.41 ±0.82 ±0.14 ±0.30 - ±11.99
Pine ±5.64 ±11.45 ±12.04 ±27.36 ±18.69 ±22.97 ±19.02 ±7.78 ±8.45 ±0.05 ±0.14 ±0.04 ±49.26
Spruce ±4.46 ±7.65 ±18.62 ±43.92 ±36.24 ±28.18 ±24.30 ±20.90 ±11.30 ±7.68 ±7.80 - ±75.74
Poplar ±10.31 ±17.04 ±34.40 ±60.01 ±48.98 ±36.35 ±22.64 ±9.58 ±2.14 ±0.20 - <0.01 ±97.52
Subtotal ±12.69 ±22.38 ±42.05 ±79.78 ±64.08 ±51.81 ±38.47 ±24.32 ±14.36 ±7.73 ±7.94 ±1.58 ±134.12
Prairies Fir 0.00 <0.01 - ±0.02 - - - - - - - - ±0.02
Other hardwoods <0.01 <0.01 ±0.02 - - - - - - - - - ±0.02
Larch - ±0.01 <0.01 <0.01 ±0.01 - - - - - - - ±0.02
Douglas-fir - - ±0.02 ±0.09 <0.01 - - - - - - - ±0.09
Maple ±0.03 ±0.05 ±0.15 <0.01 - - - - - - - - ±0.16
Birch ±0.09 ±0.06 ±0.09 - - - - - - - - - ±0.14
Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - ±1.15 ±1.15
Pine ±0.01 ±0.14 ±1.40 ±0.02 <0.01 ±2.20 - - - - - - ±2.61
Spruce ±0.06 ±0.34 ±0.42 ±0.21 ±0.81 ±0.73 ±0.33 ±0.52 - - - - ±1.38
Poplar ±2.99 ±7.79 ±5.07 ±1.91 ±2.07 ±0.77 - ±0.02 - - - - ±10.19
Subtotal ±2.99 ±7.80 ±5.28 ±1.93 ±2.22 ±2.44 ±0.33 ±0.52 - - - ±1.15 ±10.68
Taiga Cordillera Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - 0.00 0.00
Larch <0.01 ±0.01 ±0.03 ±0.54 ±0.60 ±0.09 ±0.15 ±0.52 ±0.13 - - - ±0.98
Poplar ±0.15 ±0.38 ±0.44 ±0.47 ±0.01 ±0.48 ±0.06 - - - - - ±0.90
Pine - ±0.08 ±0.19 ±1.00 ±2.37 ±1.24 ±1.37 - - - - - ±3.17
Birch ±0.04 ±0.23 ±0.02 ±0.11 ±2.47 ±0.11 - - - - - - ±2.48
Fir - ±0.09 ±0.03 ±1.67 ±2.54 ±3.51 ±3.60 ±4.91 ±0.90 - - - ±7.71
Spruce ±0.19 ±1.66 ±5.07 ±5.83 ±5.06 ±4.03 ±50.94 ±5.35 ±4.52 ±0.56 - - ±52.43
Subtotal ±0.25 ±1.72 ±5.09 ±6.18 ±6.64 ±5.50 ±51.09 ±7.28 ±4.61 ±0.56 - 0.00 ±53.16
Boreal Cordillera Unclassified - - - - <0.01 - - - - - - ±0.11 ±0.11
Larch ±0.07 ±0.11 ±0.14 ±0.21 ±0.29 ±0.23 ±0.22 ±0.11 - - - - ±0.53
Birch ±0.10 ±0.53 ±1.11 ±4.52 ±2.23 ±3.48 ±0.40 ±0.38 ±0.07 - - - ±6.28
Poplar ±0.62 ±1.61 ±6.41 ±17.03 ±7.27 ±13.24 ±16.23 ±10.33 ±0.74 ±2.08 ±3.30 - ±30.79
Fir ±0.04 ±0.12 ±0.81 ±8.10 ±3.97 ±9.51 ±9.92 ±7.05 ±7.45 ±4.32 ±13.01 - ±23.75
Pine ±0.41 ±3.05 ±14.59 ±18.90 ±14.29 ±24.27 ±26.40 ±20.00 ±11.19 ±7.62 ±16.44 - ±54.07
Spruce ±0.97 ±1.98 ±7.71 ±13.70 ±18.68 ±39.13 ±30.18 ±25.57 ±26.04 ±8.85 ±29.95 - ±73.15
Subtotal ±1.23 ±4.01 ±17.76 ±30.35 ±25.04 ±48.97 ±44.38 ±34.79 ±29.32 ±12.62 ±36.71 ±0.11 ±99.12
Pacific Maritime Unspecified hardwoods <0.01 - - ±0.02 - - - - - - - - ±0.02
Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - ±0.44 ±0.44
Birch ±0.04 ±0.89 ±0.44 ±3.22 ±2.58 ±2.02 ±1.87 ±0.99 - - ±0.81 - ±5.21
Maple ±0.02 ±0.18 ±2.44 ±1.98 ±9.00 ±0.02 ±0.22 - - - ±0.72 - ±9.57
Pine ±0.01 ±2.21 ±0.11 ±1.28 ±3.88 ±8.05 ±5.17 ±8.36 ±0.37 ±1.70 ±2.99 - ±13.96
Poplar - ±0.19 ±0.97 ±4.08 ±6.13 ±13.93 ±3.30 ±3.58 ±0.36 ±3.75 ±6.25 - ±18.07
Other hardwoods ±0.42 ±2.93 ±9.57 ±8.70 ±6.94 ±4.80 ±1.54 ±0.12 ±0.02 ±2.10 ±4.17 - ±16.47
Spruce - ±2.66 ±19.62 ±0.57 ±6.87 ±1.46 ±1.35 ±1.42 ±4.72 ±2.80 ±18.78 - ±28.78
Fir ±0.51 ±4.41 ±5.41 ±3.50 ±1.11 ±4.06 ±7.58 ±4.69 ±5.34 ±4.28 ±66.12 - ±67.66
Douglas-fir ±1.26 ±9.34 ±30.95 ±44.10 ±24.55 ±24.30 ±28.82 ±9.07 ±8.36 ±8.86 ±45.86 - ±85.73
Cedar & other conifers ±0.57 ±2.75 ±8.70 ±6.53 ±4.44 ±4.85 ±1.76 ±8.12 ±6.58 ±8.89 ±91.68 - ±93.63
Hemlock ±2.69 ±13.95 ±26.66 ±32.28 ±28.02 ±11.90 ±10.91 ±10.50 ±10.39 ±4.58 ±135.61 - ±147.07
Subtotal ±3.09 ±18.17 ±47.51 ±56.13 ±40.56 ±32.56 ±32.49 ±19.13 ±16.50 ±15.03 ±183.55 ±0.44 ±209.91
Montane Cordillera Other hardwoods - - <0.01 - - - - ±0.61 - ±0.13 - - ±0.62
Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - ±1.77 ±1.77
Birch ±0.52 ±3.28 ±11.07 ±5.35 ±6.06 ±6.70 ±3.22 ±3.84 ±0.25 ±0.42 ±0.18 - ±16.41
Larch ±0.19 ±0.50 ±1.49 ±3.19 ±9.51 ±8.27 ±5.77 ±4.60 ±2.61 ±1.75 ±6.80 - ±16.79
Cedar & other conifers ±0.06 ±2.14 ±4.16 ±1.95 ±2.98 ±3.71 ±3.77 ±1.96 ±2.36 ±2.16 ±39.80 - ±40.75
Poplar ±0.15 ±4.63 ±8.47 ±10.45 ±22.81 ±25.70 ±12.46 ±11.00 ±1.55 ±4.61 ±3.00 - ±41.13
Hemlock ±0.15 ±0.55 ±6.49 ±7.23 ±10.18 ±9.10 ±9.18 ±6.66 ±6.94 ±10.16 ±56.22 - ±61.01
Douglas-fir ±0.46 ±3.36 ±6.60 ±6.67 ±25.97 ±31.34 ±32.30 ±31.86 ±11.63 ±10.79 ±31.43 - ±71.10
Fir ±0.21 ±2.28 ±7.22 ±8.13 ±12.20 ±16.86 ±16.09 ±24.76 ±26.33 ±21.37 ±66.62 - ±83.77
Pine ±3.85 ±12.73 ±13.23 ±19.75 ±43.38 ±35.76 ±34.88 ±32.05 ±21.58 ±11.99 ±20.70 - ±84.76
Spruce ±0.95 ±4.80 ±12.31 ±11.85 ±16.85 ±21.86 ±32.03 ±31.93 ±20.58 ±15.85 ±61.01 - ±86.72
Subtotal ±4.04 ±15.46 ±26.04 ±29.07 ±61.22 ±62.40 ±61.99 ±62.29 ±42.20 ±33.17 ±119.90 ±1.77 ±185.49
Hudson Plains Other hardwoods - ±0.01 - - - ±0.01 - - - - - - ±0.02
Unspecified conifers - - ±0.13 - - - - - - - - - ±0.13
Cedar & other conifers - - ±0.05 ±0.03 ±0.06 ±0.04 <0.01 ±0.07 - - - - ±0.11
Birch ±0.17 ±0.34 ±0.36 ±0.87 <0.01 ±0.13 - - - - - - ±1.02
Fir ±0.01 ±0.32 ±0.53 ±0.24 ±0.11 ±0.10 - - - - - - ±0.68
Unclassified - - - - - - - - - - - ±0.75 ±0.75
Poplar ±0.16 ±0.58 ±0.92 ±1.34 ±0.97 ±0.50 ±0.03 - - - - - ±2.05
Pine ±0.38 ±1.63 ±0.54 ±2.51 ±1.71 ±0.35 - - - - - - ±3.53
Larch ±0.11 ±0.56 ±0.91 ±1.18 ±2.60 ±2.49 ±0.56 ±2.77 ±0.32 ±0.01 - - ±4.86
Spruce ±0.11 ±4.18 ±6.04 ±7.20 ±8.99 ±10.66 ±15.44 ±6.19 ±0.64 <0.01 - - ±24.03
Subtotal ±0.47 ±4.58 ±6.24 ±7.88 ±9.57 ±10.97 ±15.45 ±6.79 ±0.71 ±0.01 - ±0.75 ±24.89
Canada Unspecified hardwoods ±6.95 ±5.19 ±4.87 ±2.66 ±3.02 ±0.36 ±0.20 - - - - <0.01 ±10.74
Unclassified ±3.04 ±1.57 ±0.17 ±0.27 ±0.16 ±0.24 ±0.13 ±0.19 ±0.05 - - ±5.02 ±6.09
Other hardwoods ±0.74 ±3.64 ±10.94 ±11.46 ±9.86 ±5.83 ±1.96 ±0.89 ±0.11 ±2.10 ±4.17 ±0.05 ±20.55
Unspecified conifers ±9.36 ±12.11 ±6.38 ±2.87 ±0.52 - - - - - - ±0.03 ±16.84
Larch ±3.29 ±2.89 ±6.74 ±8.89 ±12.43 ±11.05 ±8.17 ±6.09 ±2.83 ±1.81 ±6.90 ±0.14 ±24.15
Cedar & other conifers ±1.23 ±4.15 ±10.62 ±8.28 ±7.92 ±8.02 ±5.13 ±8.52 ±7.08 ±9.15 ±99.95 - ±102.71
Birch ±3.45 ±13.31 ±25.35 ±27.78 ±28.32 ±18.32 ±6.40 ±4.84 ±0.42 ±0.80 ±1.40 ±0.02 ±52.99
Maple ±3.62 ±7.95 ±31.71 ±42.60 ±43.82 ±19.09 ±6.66 ±3.23 ±5.08 - ±0.73 <0.01 ±72.54
Douglas-fir ±1.34 ±9.93 ±31.65 ±44.60 ±35.74 ±39.66 ±43.29 ±33.13 ±14.33 ±13.96 ±55.60 - ±111.37
Hemlock ±2.69 ±13.97 ±27.47 ±33.20 ±30.06 ±15.10 ±14.50 ±12.47 ±12.50 ±11.15 ±146.80 - ±159.33
Fir ±5.12 ±17.81 ±25.00 ±27.96 ±28.40 ±24.14 ±22.35 ±27.52 ±28.12 ±22.24 ±94.78 ±0.04 ±121.10
Pine ±10.16 ±26.28 ±32.39 ±49.08 ±54.00 ±52.31 ±50.13 ±40.84 ±25.85 ±14.31 ±26.62 ±0.05 ±125.17
Poplar ±12.20 ±23.85 ±43.58 ±78.29 ±71.19 ±53.93 ±39.20 ±23.59 ±6.30 ±6.59 ±7.72 ±0.01 ±137.69
Spruce ±7.40 ±28.03 ±55.94 ±75.99 ±82.30 ±135.58 ±102.62 ±73.86 ±38.69 ±21.05 ±72.47 ±0.32 ±240.99
Total ±22.91 ±55.78 ±102.22 ±145.15 ±144.19 ±165.32 ±131.70 ±99.17 ±58.66 ±39.96 ±222.94 ±5.03 ±406.47
Source: Canada's National Forest Inventory, combined remeasured (2007-2017) and projected (2006-2017 with NFI projection system) data (Version 3.1, October 2025) (http://nfi.nfis.org)
Note: The Arctic ecozones (Arctic Cordillera, Northern Arctic, Southern Arctic), and the Taiga Plains and Hudson Plains ecozones located in Nunavut, are not inventoried. These non-inventoried areas total 262,189.89 thousand ha.
1 Missing or unknown age class.